r001_ ad- To, near, at.
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r002_ ag- To drive, draw, move. Oldest form *ag̑‑, becoming *ag‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include agony , ambiguous , demagogue , essay , and squat.
See also derivative agro- . |
r003_ agh- A day (considered as a span of time). Oldest form *ag̑h‑, becoming *agh‑ in centum languages.
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r004_ agro- Field. Probably a derivative of ag- . Oldest form *ag̑ro‑, becoming *agro‑ in centum languages.
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r005_ aik- To be master of, possess. Oldest form *h2eik̑‑, colored to *h2aik̑‑, becoming *aik̑‑ in satem languages and *aik‑ in centum languages.
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r006_ aim- Copy. Oldest form *h2eim‑, colored to *h2aim‑.
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r007_ ais- To wish, desire.
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r008_ aiw- Also ayu-. Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also "endowed with the acme of vital force, young." Oldest forms *h2eiw‑, *h2eyu‑, colored to *h2aiw‑, *h2ayu‑. Derivatives include no 1, ever , medieval , age , and eon.
See also derivative yeu- . |
r009_ ak- Sharp. Oldest form *h2ek̑‑, colored to *h2ak̑‑, becoming *ak̑‑ in satem languages and *ak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include acute , hammer , heaven , eager 1, vinegar , acid , and oxygen.
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r010_ akw-ā- Water.
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r011_ al-1 Beyond. Oldest form probably *h2el‑, colored to *h2al‑. Derivatives include alarm , ultimate , else , alien , alibi , and parallel.
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r012_ al-2 To grow, nourish. Derivatives include old , haughty , altitude , enhance , alumnus , coalesce , and prolific.
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r013_ al-3 All. Germanic and Celtic root.
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r014_ albho- White. Derivatives include elf , oaf , and albino.
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r015_ alu- In words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication.
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r016_ ambhi Also m̥bhi. Around. Probably derived from *ant-bhi, "from both sides" (see ant- ).
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r017_ an- On.
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r018_ anə- To breathe. Oldest form *h2enh1‑, colored to *h2anh1‑.Suffixed form *h2anh1-mo‑.
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r019_ angh- Tight, painfully constricted, painful. Oldest form *ang̑h‑, becoming *angh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include anger , hangnail , and quinsy.
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r020_ ansu- Spirit, demon. Oldest form *h2e/onsu‑, colored to *h2a/onsu‑.
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r021_ ant- Front, forehead. Oldest form *h2ent‑, colored to *h2ant‑ Derivatives include along , end , advance , and antique.
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r022_ apo- Also ap-. Off, away. Derivatives include off , ebb , awkward , puny , and compote.
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r023_ ar- Also arə-. To fit together. Oldest form *h2erh1‑, colored to *h2arh1‑, with variant *h2reh1‑, becoming *rē‑. Derivatives include army , harmony , inert , aristocracy , adorn , hatred , rite , arithmetic , and rhyme.
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r024_ arg- To shine; white; the shining or white metal, silver. Oldest form *h2(e)rg̑‑, colored to *h2(a)rg̑‑, becoming *arg̑‑ in satem languages and *arg‑ in centum languages.
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r025_ as- To burn, glow. Oldest form *h2es‑, colored to *h2as‑. Derivatives include arson , and azalea.
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r026_ at- To go; with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as "the period gone through, the revolving year"). Suffixed form *at-no‑.
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r027_ āter- Fire.
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r028_ au- To perceive. Compound forms *au-dh‑, *awis-dh‑, "to place perception" (*dh‑, to place; see dhē- ).
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r029_ aug- To increase. Oldest form *h2eug‑, colored to *h2aug‑. Variant *h2weg‑ becoming *(a)weg‑. Derivatives include nickname , auction , and auxiliary.
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r030_ aus- To shine. Derivatives include east , Easter , and aurora.
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r031_ awi- Bird. Oldest form *h2ewi‑, colored to *h2awi‑. Derivatives include aviation , bustard , ostrich , cockney , oval , and caviar.
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r032_ awo- An adult male relative other than one's father.
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r033_ ayer- Day, morning.
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r034_ ayes- A metal, copper or bronze.
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r035_ bak- Staff used for support.
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r036_ bel- Strong.
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r037_ bhā-1 To shine. Oldest form *bheh2‑, colored to *bhah2‑, becoming *bhā‑. Derivatives include beacon , berry , banner , fantasy , and phase.
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r038_ bhā-2 To speak. Oldest form *bheh2‑, colored to *bhah2‑, becoming *bhā‑. Derivatives include fate , infant , prophet , abandon , banish , symphony , confess , and blame.
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r039_ bha-bhā- Broad bean.
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r040_ bhad- Good.
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r041_ bhag- To share out, apportion, also to get a share.
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r042_ bhāghu- Arm. Oldest form *bhāg̑hu‑, becoming *bhāghu‑ in centum languages.
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r043_ bhāgo- Beech tree.
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r044_ bhardh-ā- Beard.
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r045_ bhares- Also bhars-. Barley.
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r046_ bhau- To strike. Oldest form *bheh2u‑, colored to *bhah2u‑, becoming *bhau‑. Derivatives include beat , buttock , halibut , button , and refute.
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r047_ bhegw- To run.
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r048_ bhei- A bee.
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r049_ bheid- To split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking. Derivatives include bite , bitter , and fission.
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r050_ bheidh- To trust, confide, persuade. Derivatives include bide , fiancé , and infidel.
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r051_ bhel-1 To shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors. Derivatives include blue , bleach , blind , blond , blanket , black , flagrant , and flame.
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r052_ bhel-2 To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. Derivatives include boulevard , boulder , phallus , balloon , ballot , and fool.
The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel- 3, bhelgh- , bhleu- . |
r053_ bhel-3 To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel- 2. Derivatives include foliage , blossom , flora , bleed , bless , and blade.
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r054_ bhelgh- To swell. Extension of bhel- 2 . Oldest form *bhelg̑h‑, becoming *bhelgh‑ in centum languages.
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r055_ bhendh- To bind. Derivatives include bind , bandanna , and bundle.
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r056_ bher-1 To carry; also to bear children. Derivatives include birth , fertile , suffer , furtive , and metaphor.
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r057_ bher-2 Bright, brown.
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r058_ bherəg- To shine; bright, white. Oldest form *bherhxgibreve;‑, becoming *bherhxg‑ in centum languages.
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r059_ bhergh-1 To hide, protect. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.
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r060_ bhergh-2 High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include iceberg , bourgeois , burglar , force , and fortify.
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r061_ bhes- To breathe. Probably imitative. Zero-grade form *bhs‑.
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r062_ bheudh- To be aware, to make aware. Derivatives include bid , forbid , and Buddha. 2
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r063_ bheuə- Also bheu-. To be, exist, grow. Oldest form *bheuhx. Derivatives include be , husband , imp , physics , future , neighbor , and beam.
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r064_ bheug- To bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects. Derivatives include bagel , buxom , and bog.
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r065_ bhlē- To blow. Contracted from *bhleh1‑, or possibly lengthened grade *bhlēh2‑ from alternative root *bhleh2‑. Possibly identical to bhel- 3 II*bhlē‑ above. Derivatives include blaze 3, flatus , and flavor.
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r066_ bhleu- To swell, well up, overflow. Extension of bhel- 2.
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r067_ bhoso- Naked.
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r068_ bhrāter- Brother, male agnate.
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r069_ bhreg- To break. Derivatives include breach , fraction , frail 1, infringe , and suffrage.
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r070_ bhreu- Also bhreuə‑, bhreəu-. To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. Oldest form *bhreuh1‑. Derivatives include brew , bread , broth , brood , breed , ferment , and fervent.
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r071_ bhrū- Eyebrow. Oldest form *bhruhx‑, becoming *bhrū.
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r072_ dā- To divide. Oldest form *deh2‑, colored to *dah2‑, becoming *dā‑. Derivatives include democracy , epidemic , demon , and time.
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r073_ dail- To divide. Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(h2)i‑ (see dā- ).
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r074_ daiwer- Husband's brother.
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r075_ dakru- Tear. Oldest form *dak̑ru‑, becoming *dakru‑ in centum languages.
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r076_ de- Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.
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r077_ deik- To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects. Oldest form *deik̑‑, becoming *deik‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include teach , toe , addict , preach , judge , revenge , and disk.
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r078_ dek- To take, accept. Oldest form *dek̑‑, becoming *dek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include decent , paradox , and disdain.
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r079_ dekm̥ Ten. Oldest form *dek̑m̥, becoming *dekm̥ in centum languages. Derivatives include ten , December , decimate , dean , hundred , century , and hecatomb.
See also compound root wīkm̥tī- . |
r080_ deks- Right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east). Oldest form *dek̑s‑, becoming *deks‑ in centum languages. Suffixed form *deks(i)-tero‑.
Compare ner- 1. |
r081_ del-1 Long. Derivatives include linger , Lent , longitude , and lunge.
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r082_ del-2 To recount, count. O-grade form *dol‑.
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r083_ dem- House, household. Derivatives include dome , domestic , and timber.
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r084_ demə- To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses). Oldest form *demh2‑.
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r085_ dent- Tooth. Originally *h1d-ent‑, "biting," present participle of ed- in the earlier meaning "to bite."
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r086_ der- To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather.
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r087_ derk- To see. Oldest form *derk̑‑, becoming *derk‑ in centum languages.
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r088_ deru- Also dreu-. To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses "wood," "tree," and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. Derivatives include tree , trust , betroth , endure , and druid.
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r089_ deu-1 To lack, be wanting.
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r090_ deu-2 To do, perform, show favor, revere. Derivatives include embellish , and dynamite.
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r091_ deuə- Also dwaə-. Long (in duration). Oldest form *deuh2‑ with variant (metathesized) *dweh2‑, the latter colored to *dwah2‑, becoming *dwā‑. Suffixed zero-grade form *dū-ro‑ (< *duə-ro‑, oldest form *duh2-ro‑).
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r092_ deuk- To lead. Derivatives include wanton , team , duke , subdue , and educate.
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r093_ dhē- To set, put. Oldest form *dheh1‑, becoming *dhē‑. Derivatives include deed , doom , fashion , defeat , feckless , sacrifice , satisfy , face , and synthesis.
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r094_ dhegwh- To burn, warm.
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r095_ dhē(i)- To suck. Oldest form *dheh1(i)‑, becoming *dhē(i)‑. Derivatives include female , fawn 2, fetus , fennel , and affiliate.
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r096_ dheigh- To form, build. Oldest form *dheig̑h‑, becoming *dheigh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include dairy , lady , dough , and paradise.
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r097_ dher- To hold firmly, support. Derivatives include infirmary , and throne.
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r098_ dhers- To venture, be bold. O-grade form *dhors‑ and zero-grade form *dhr̥s‑.
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r099_ dhēs- Root of words in religious concepts. Oldest form *dheh1s‑, becoming *dhēs‑. Possibly an extension of dhē- . Derivatives include feast , fanatic , atheism , and enthusiasm.
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r100_ dheu-1 To flow.
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r101_ dheu-2 To die. Also dheuə- (oldest form *dheuh2‑).
Compare dheuə- . |
r102_ dheub- Also dheubh-. Deep, hollow.
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r103_ dheuə- To close, finish, come full circle. Oldest form *dheuh2‑. Probably related to dheu- 2 , "to die."
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r104_ dheugh- To produce something of utility.
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r105_ dhghem- Earth. Oldest form *dhg̑hem‑, becoming *dhghem‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include bridegroom , chameleon , and homicide.
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r106_ dhgh(y)es- Yesterday. Oldest form *dhg̑h(y)es‑, becoming *dhgh(y)es‑ in centum languages. Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter‑.
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r107_ dhīgw- To stick, fix.
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r108_ dhreg- To draw, glide. Oldest form *dhreg̑‑, becoming *dhreg‑ in centum languages.
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r109_ dhreibh- To drive, push; snow.
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r110_ dhreu- To fall, flow, drip, droop. Derivatives include dreary , and drowse.
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r111_ dhugəter- Daughter. Oldest form *dhugh2ter‑.
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r112_ dhwer- Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an ablauting noun *dhwor, *dhur‑, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o‑) surrounding the house proper. Derivatives include forest , and foreign.
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r113_ dlegh- To engage oneself. European root found in Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and possibly Latin.
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r114_ dn̥ghū- Tongue. Oldest form *dn̥g̑huh2‑, becoming *dn̥g̑hū‑ in satem languages and *dn̥ghū‑ in centum languages.
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r115_ dō- To give. Oldest form *deh3‑, colored to *doh3‑, becoming *dō‑. Derivatives include betray , surrender , vend , dose , and antidote.
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r116_ dus- Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of deu- 1.
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r117_ dwo- Two. Derivatives include twilight , biscuit , between , combine , diploma , and doubt.
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r118_ dyeu- To shine (and in many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god"). Zero-grades *dyu‑ and *diw‑. Derivatives include Tuesday , divine , jovial , Jupiter , diary , dismal , journey , and psychedelic.
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r119_ ed- To eat; original meaning "to bite." Oldest form *h1ed‑.
See also derivative dent- . |
r120_ eg I. Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. Oldest form *eg̑, becoming *eg in centum languages. (For oblique forms see me- 1).
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r121_ eghs Out. Oldest form *eg̑hs, becoming *eghs in centum languages. Derivatives include strange , and extreme.
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r122_ egwh- To drink. Oldest form *h1egwh‑.Suffixed lengthened-grade form *ēgwh-r-yo‑.
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r123_ ei- To go. Oldest form *h1ei‑, zero-grade *h1i‑. Derivatives include ambition , perish , sudden , transit , ion , initial , janitor , and January.
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r124_ eis- In words denoting passion. Oldest form *h1eis‑ or possibly *h1eish2‑.
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r125_ ekwo- Horse. Probably to be segmented *ekw-o‑, a suffixed form akin to the lengthened o-grade adjective ōku- , swift. Oldest form h1ek̑wo‑, becoming ekwo‑ in centum languages.
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r126_ el- Elbow, forearm.
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r127_ em- To take, distribute.
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r128_ en In. Derivatives include inner , entrails , industry , and dysentery.
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r129_ epi Also opi. Near, at, against.
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r130_ er-1 To move, set in motion. Oldest form *h1er‑.
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r131_ er-2 Earth, ground. Extended form *ert‑.
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r132_ erə- To row. Oldest form *h1erh1‑.
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r133_ ers- To be in motion.
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r134_ es- To be. Oldest form *h1es‑, zero-grade *h1s‑. Derivatives include yes , soothe , sin 1, essence , absent , and proud.
See also extension (e)su- . |
r135_ (e)su- Good. Oldest form *h1(e)su‑. Originally suffixed form of es- .
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r136_ eu- To dress.
See also extension wes- 2. |
r137_ euə- To leave, abandon, give out, whence nominal derivatives meaning abandoned, lacking, empty. Oldest form *h1euh2‑, zero-grade *h1uh2‑, with variant form *h1weh2‑, colored to *h1wah2‑, becoming *wā‑.
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r138_ euə-dh-r̥ Udder. Related to wē-r- .
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r139_ gal- To call, shout.
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r140_ gāu- To rejoice; also to have religious fear or awe. Oldest form *geh2u‑, colored to *gah2u‑, becoming *gau‑ (before consonants) and *gāw‑ (before vowels).
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r141_ gel- Cold; to freeze. Derivatives include chill , jelly , and glacier.
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r142_ gembh- Tooth, nail. Oldest form *g̑embh‑, becoming *gembh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include comb , unkempt , and gem.
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r143_ gemə- To marry. Oldest form *g̑emh1‑, becoming *gemh1‑ in centum languages.
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r144_ genə- Also gen-. To give birth, beget; with derivatives referring to aspects and results of procreation and to familial and tribal groups. Oldest form *g̑enh1‑, becoming *genh1‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include kin , king , jaunty , genius , pregnant 1, gingerly , and nature.
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r145_ genu-1 Knee; also angle. Oldest form *g̑enu‑, becoming *genu‑ in centum languages.
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r146_ genu-2 Jawbone, chin. Oldest form *g̑enu‑, becoming *genu‑ in centum languages.
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r147_ ger- To gather. Oldest form *h2ger‑.
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r148_ gerbh- To scratch. Derivatives include carve , crawl 1, and program.
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r149_ gerə-1 To grow old. Oldest form *g̑erh2‑, becoming *gerh2‑ in centum languages.
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r150_ gerə-2 To cry hoarsely; also the name of the crane. Oldest form *gerh2‑. Derivatives include crack , cranberry , and pedigree.
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r151_ geus- To taste, choose. Oldest form *g̑eus‑, becoming *geus‑ in centum languages.
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r152_ ghabh- Also ghebh-. To give or receive. Derivatives include give , able , malady , prohibit , duty , and endeavor.
Compare kap- . |
r153_ ghans- Goose. Oldest form *g̑hans‑, becoming *ghans‑ in centum languages.
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r154_ ghē- To release, let go; (in the middle voice) to be released, go. Oldest form *g̑heh1‑, becoming *g̑hē‑ in satem languages and *ghē‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include heir , and gait.
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r155_ ghebh-el- Head.
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r156_ ghei- Theoretical base of *ghyem‑, *ghiem‑, winter. Oldest forms *g̑hei‑, *g̑hyem‑, *g̑hiem‑, becoming *ghei‑, *ghyem‑, *ghiem‑ in centum languages.
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r157_ ghel-1 To call.
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r158_ ghel-2 To shine; with derivatives referring to colors, bright materials, gold (probably "yellow metal"), and bile or gall. Oldest form *g̑hel‑, becoming *ghel‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include gold , arsenic , melancholy , Hare Krishna , gleam , glimpse , and glide.
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r159_ ghedh- To unite, join, fit.
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r160_ ghend- Also ghed-. To seize, take. Derivatives include get , guess , prison , comprehend , surprise , and prey.
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r161_ gher-1 To grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning "enclosure." Oldest form *g̑her‑, becoming *gher‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include orchard , kindergarten , courteous , choir , and choral.
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r162_ gher-2 To like, want. Oldest form *g̑her‑, becoming *gher‑ in centum languages.
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r163_ gherə- Gut, entrail. Oldest form *g̑herh2‑, becoming *gherh2‑ in centum languages.
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r164_ ghes- Hand. Oldest form *g̑hes‑, becoming *ghes‑ in centum languages.
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r165_ gheslo- Seen by some as a base for words meaning "thousand." Oldest form *g̑heslo‑, becoming *gheslo‑ in centum languages.
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r166_ gheu- To pour, pour a libation. Oldest form *g̑heu‑, becoming *gheu‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include gut , funnel , fusion , and refund. 1
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r167_ gheu(ə)- To call, invoke. Oldest form *g̑heu(h2/3)‑, becoming *gheu(h2/3)‑ in centum languages. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghu-to‑, "the invoked," god.
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r168_ ghos-ti- Stranger, guest, host; properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality."
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r169_ ghrē- To grow, become green. Contracted from *ghreh1‑.
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r170_ ghrebh-1 To seize, reach.
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r171_ ghrebh-2 To dig, bury, scratch.
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r172_ ghredh- To walk, go. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr̥dh-yo‑.
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r173_ ghrēi- To rub. Oldest form *g̑hreh1i‑, with variant (metathesized) form *g̑hreih1‑, whence zero-grade *g̑hrih1‑, becoming *g̑hrī‑in satem language and *ghrī‑ in centum languages.
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r174_ ghrendh- To grind.
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r175_ ghwer- Wild beast. Oldest form *g̑hwer‑, becoming *ghwer‑ in centum languages.
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r176_ ghwībh- Shame, also pudenda. Expressive root, found only in Tocharian (in the literal meaning) and Germanic.
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r177_ gleubh- To tear apart, cleave. Derivatives include clever , and hieroglyphic.
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r178_ gnō- To know. Oldest form *g̑neh3‑, colored to *g̑noh3‑, becoming *g̑nō‑ in satem languages and *gnō‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include know , cunning , uncouth , ignore , noble , diagnosis , and narrate.
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r179_ gr̥ə-no- Grain. Oldest form *g̑r̥h2-no‑, becoming *gr̥h2-no‑ in centum languages.
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r180_ gwā- Also gwem-. To go, come. Oldest form *gweh2‑, colored to *gwah2‑, becoming *gwā‑. Derivatives include welcome , adventure , souvenir , acrobat , and diabetes.
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r181_ gwei- To live. Also gweiə- (oldest form *gweih3‑, with metathesized variant *gwyeh3‑, colored to *gwyoh3‑, becoming *gwyō‑). Derivatives include quick , vivid , vitamin , whiskey , amphibious , microbe , and hygiene.
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r182_ gwelə- Also gwel-. To throw, reach, with further meaning to pierce. Oldest form *gwelh1‑, with metathesized variant *gwleh1‑, becoming *gwlē‑. Derivatives include devil , emblem , metabolism , parliament , problem , symbol , ballet , and kill. 1
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r183_ gwen- Woman.
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r184_ gwerə-1 Heavy. Oldest form *gwerh2‑. Derivatives include grave 2, grief , aggravate , baritone , guru , brute , and blitzkrieg.
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r185_ gwerə-2 To favor. Oldest form *gwerh2‑.
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r186_ gwet- To say, speak.
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r187_ gwhedh- To ask, pray.
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r188_ gwhen- To strike, kill. Derivatives include bane , fence , and offend.
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r189_ gwher- To heat, warm. Derivatives include brand , brandy , forceps , and fornicate.
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r190_ gwhī- Thread, tendon. Oldest full-grade form *gwhyehx‑, with zero-grade form *gwhihx‑ becoming *gwhī‑.
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r191_ gwhrē- To smell, breathe. Oldest form *gwhreh1‑, becoming *gwhrē.
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r192_ gwhren- To think.
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r193_ gwou- Ox, bull, cow. Nominative singular form *gwōu-s. Derivatives include cow 1, beef , bugle 1, and butter.
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r194_ i- Pronominal stem. Derivatives include yonder , identity , and item.
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r195_ kā- To like, desire. Oldest form *keh2‑, colored to *kah2‑, becoming *kā‑.
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r196_ kad- To fall. Oldest form *k̑ad‑, becoming *kad‑ in centum languages.
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r197_ kaə-id- To strike. Oldest form *keh2-id‑, colored to *kah2-id‑.
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r198_ kai- Heat. Extended form *kaid‑.
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r199_ kailo- Whole, uninjured, of good omen.
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r200_ kaito- Forest, uncultivated land.
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r201_ kakka- Also kaka-. To defecate. Root imitative of glottal closure during defecation.
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r202_ kan- To sing.
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r203_ kand- Also kend-. To shine.
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r204_ kap- To grasp. Derivatives include have , heavy , cable , captive , deceive , capsule , and chassis.
Compare ghabh- . |
r205_ kaput- Head.
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r206_ kar- Also ker-. Hard. Derivatives include hard , and cancer.
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r207_ kas- Gray. Oldest form *k̑as‑, becoming *kas‑ in centum languages.
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r208_ kat- Down.
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r209_ kau- To hew, strike.
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r210_ ked- To go, yield.
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r211_ keg- Hook, tooth.
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r212_ kei-1 To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear. Oldest form *k̑ei‑, becoming *kei‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include city , and cemetery.
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r213_ keiə- To set in motion. Oldest form keih2‑. Derivatives include resuscitate , and kinetic.
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r214_ kekw- Excrement. Oldest form *k̑ekw‑, becoming *kekw‑ in centum languages. Suffixed o-grade form *kokw-ro‑.
|
r215_ kel-1 To cover, conceal, save. Oldest form *k̑el‑, becoming *kel‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include hell , hole , holster , apocalypse , and eucalyptus.
|
r216_ kel-2 To be prominent; hill.
|
r217_ kelə-1 Warm. Oldest form *k̑elh1‑, with metathesized variant *k̑leh1‑, becoming *k̑lē‑ in satem languages and *klē‑ in centum languages.
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r218_ kelə-2 To shout. Oldest form *kelh2‑, with metathesized variant *kleh2‑, colored to *klah2‑, becoming *klā‑. Derivatives include exclaim , haul , calendar , and class.
|
r219_ ken- Fresh, new, young.
|
r220_ kenk- To gird, bind. Variant form *keng‑.
|
r221_ kens- To proclaim, speak solemnly. Oldest form *k̑ens‑, becoming *kens‑ in centum languages. Suffixed form *kens-ē‑.
|
r222_ kent- To prick, jab.
|
r223_ ker-1 Horn, head; with derivatives referring to horned animals, horn-shaped objects, and projecting parts. Oldest form *k̑er‑, becoming *ker‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include horn , unicorn , hornet , reindeer , migraine , cheer , rhinoceros , and cerebrum.
|
r224_ ker-2 To grow. Oldest form *k̑er‑, becoming *ker‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include cereal , Creole , concrete , and recruit.
|
r225_ ker-3 Heat, fire.
|
r226_ kerd- Heart. Oldest form *k̑erd‑, becoming *kerd‑ in centum languages.
|
r227_ kerə- To mix, confuse, cook. Oldest form *k̑erh2‑, becoming *kerh2‑ in centum languages.
|
r228_ kerp- To gather, pluck, harvest. Variant *karp‑.
|
r229_ kers- To run. Oldest form *k̑ers‑, becoming *kers‑ in centum languages. Zero-grade form *kr̥s‑.
|
r230_ kes- To cut. Oldest form *k̑es‑, becoming *kes‑ in centum languages. Variant *kas‑.
|
r231_ keuə- To swell; vault, hole. Oldest form *k̑euhx‑, becoming *keuhx‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include cave , excavate , and church.
|
r232_ klei- To lean. Oldest form *k̑lei‑, becoming *klei‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include decline , climax , climate , and ladder.
|
r233_ kleu- To hear. Oldest form *k̑leu‑, becoming *kleu‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include leer , loud , and Hercules.
|
r234_ ko- Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning "this. " Oldest form *k̑o‑, becoming *ko‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include he 1, et cetera , and behind.
|
r235_ kō- To sharpen, whet. Oldest form *k̑eə3‑, colored to *k̑oə3‑, contracted to *k̑ō‑ (becoming *kō‑ in centum languages).
|
r236_ kob- To suit, fit, succeed.
|
r237_ kom Beside, near, by, with. Derivatives include enough , handiwork , and country.
|
r238_ konk- To hang. Oldest form *k̑onk‑, becoming *konk‑ in centum languages.
|
r239_ koro- War; also war-band, host, army.
|
r240_ kost- Bone. Probably related to ost- .
|
r241_ kous- To hear. Oldest form *h2kous‑.
|
r242_ krei- To sieve, discriminate, distinguish. Derivatives include garble , crime , certain , excrement , crisis , and hypocrisy.
|
r243_ kreuə- Raw flesh. Oldest form *kreuh2‑.
|
r244_ kreus- To begin to freeze, form a crust.
|
r245_ ksun Preposition and preverb meaning "with."
|
r246_ kwe And (enclitic).
|
r247_ kwei-1 To pay, atone, compensate. Suffixed o-grade form *kwoi-nā‑.
|
r248_ kwei-2 To pile up, build, make. O-grade form *kwoi‑.
|
r249_ kweiə- Also kwyeə-. To rest, be quiet. Oldest forms *kweih1‑, *kwyeh1‑. Derivatives include while , coy , and requiem.
|
r250_ kweit- Also kweid-. White; to shine. Oldest form *k̑weit‑, becoming *kweit‑ in centum languages.
|
r251_ kwel-1 Also kwelə-. To revolve, move around, sojourn, dwell. Oldest forms kwel‑, kwelh2‑. Derivatives include colony , cult , wheel , cyclone , pulley , and bucolic.
|
r252_ kwel-2 Far (in space and time).
|
r253_ kwen- Holy. Oldest form *k̑wen‑, becoming *kwen‑ in centum languages.
|
r254_ kwent(h)- To suffer.
|
r255_ kwer- To make.
|
r256_ kwes- To pant, wheeze. Oldest form *k̑wes‑, becoming *kwes‑ in centum languages.
|
r257_ kwēt- To shake. Contracted from *kweə1t‑. Zero-grade form *kwət‑, becoming *kwat‑.
|
r258_ kwetwer- Four. Derivatives include four , squad , quarantine , and farthing.
|
r259_ kwo- Also kwi-. Stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Derivatives include who , whether , either , quorum , quip , and quality.
|
r260_ kwon- Dog. Oldest form *k̑won‑, becoming *kwon‑ in centum languages.
|
r261_ kwrep- Body, form, appearance. Probably a verbal root meaning "to appear."
|
r262_ kwr̥mi- Worm.
|
r263_ laks- Salmon. Suffixed form *laks-o‑.
|
r264_ las- To be eager, wanton, or unruly.
|
r265_ lau- Gain, profit. Oldest form *leh2u‑, colored to *lah2u‑.
|
r266_ lē- To let go, slacken. Contracted from *leə1‑.
|
r267_ leb- To lick; lip.
|
r268_ leg- To collect; with derivatives meaning "to speak. " Oldest form *leg̑‑, becoming *leg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include leech 1, lecture , legend , intelligent , sacrilege , loyal , and logic.
|
r269_ legh- To lie, lay. Derivatives include ledge , lair , beleaguer , lees , law , and fellow.
|
r270_ legwh- Light, having little weight. Derivatives include levity , carnival , elevate , leprechaun , and lung.
|
r271_ lei- Also slei-. Slimy. Derivatives include slime , slick , and oblivion.
|
r272_ leid- To play, jest. Suffixed o-grade form *loid-o‑.
|
r273_ leig- To bind. Oldest form *leig̑‑, becoming *leig‑ in centum languages.
|
r274_ leigh- To lick. Oldest form *leig̑h‑, becoming *leigh‑ in centum languages.
|
r275_ leikw- To leave. Derivatives include eclipse , loan , and derelict.
|
r276_ leip- To stick, adhere; fat. Derivatives include life , and liver. 1
|
r277_ leis-1 Track, furrow.
|
r278_ leis-2 Small.
|
r279_ leit- To go forth, die.
|
r280_ lendh- Open land.
|
r281_ leu- To loosen, divide, cut apart. Derivatives include forlorn , analysis , and solve.
|
r282_ leubh- To care, desire; love. Derivatives include livelong , belief , and libido.
|
r283_ leudh- To mount up, grow. Oldest form *h1leudh‑.
|
r284_ leu(ə)- To wash. Oldest form *leu(h3)‑.
|
r285_ leugh- To tell a lie.
|
r286_ leuk- Light, brightness. Derivatives include light 1, illuminate , lunatic , lucid , and lynx.
|
r287_ [ līk- Body, form; like, same. Germanic root. Derivatives include alike , each , and frolic.
|
r288_ lī̆no- Flax.
|
r289_ lūs- Louse.
|
r290_ mā-1 Good; with derivatives meaning "occurring at a good moment, timely, seasonable, early. " Oldest form *meh2‑, colored to *mah2‑, becoming *mā‑.
|
r291_ mā-2 Mother. A linguistic near-universal found in many of the world's languages, often in reduplicated form.
|
r292_ mag- Also mak-. To knead, fashion, fit. Oldest forms *mag̑‑, *mak̑‑, becoming *mag‑, *mak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include make , mason , mingle , magma , and mass.
|
r293_ magh- To be able, have power. Derivatives include dismay , might 1, machine , and magic.
|
r294_ maghu- Young person of either sex. Suffixed form *magho-ti‑.
|
r295_ māk- Long, thin. Oldest form *meh2k̑‑, colored to *mah2k̑‑, becoming *māk̑ in satem languages and *māk‑ in centum languages.
|
r296_ man-1 Also mon-. Man.
|
r297_ man-2 Hand. Derivatives include manacle , maneuver , and manure.
|
r298_ marko- Horse.
|
r299_ māter- Mother. Based ultimately on the baby-talk form mā- 2 , with the kinship term suffix *-ter‑. Derivatives include mother 1, matrix , and matter.
|
r300_ me-1 Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. For the nominative see eg .
|
r301_ me-2 In the middle of.
See also medhyo- . |
r302_ mē-1 Expressing certain qualities of mind. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r303_ mē-2 To measure. Oldest form *meh1‑. Derivatives include piecemeal , immense , meter 1, geometry , moon , and semester.
|
r304_ mē-3 Big. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r305_ mē-4 To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r306_ med- To take appropriate measures. Derivatives include medicine , modest , modern , commodity , and empty.
|
r307_ medhu- Honey; also mead.
|
r308_ medhyo- Middle. Derivatives include middle , medieval , and meridian.
See also me- 2. |
r309_ meg- Great. Oldest form *meg̑‑, becoming *meg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include much , magnate , mayor , maestro , and maharajah.
|
r310_ mei-1 To change, go, move; with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and services within a society as regulated by custom or law. Derivatives include mad , molt , mutate , mistake , communism , amoeba , and migrate.
|
r311_ mei-2 Small. Derivatives include menu , mince , minestrone , and minister.
|
r312_ meigh- To urinate. Oldest form *meig̑h‑, becoming *meigh‑ in centum languages.
|
r313_ meik- Also meig-. To mix. Oldest forms *meik̑‑, *meig̑‑, becoming *meik‑, *meig‑ in centum languages.
|
r314_ mei-no- Opinion, intention.
|
r315_ mel-1 Soft; with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials of various kinds.
|
r316_ mel-2 Strong, great.
|
r317_ mel-3 False, bad, wrong.
|
r318_ melə- Also mel-. To crush, grind; with derivatives referring to various ground or crumbling substances (such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crushing (such as millstones). Oldest form *melh2‑.
|
r319_ melg- To rub off; also to milk. Oldest form *h2melg̑‑, becoming *h2melg‑ in centum languages.
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r320_ melit- Honey.
|
r321_ men-1 To think; with derivatives referring to various qualities and states of mind and thought. Derivatives include mind , mention , automatic , mania , money , monster , mosaic , music , and amnesia.
|
r322_ men-2 To project. Derivatives include mouth , menace , and mountain.
|
r323_ men-3 To remain. Variant suffixed (stative) form *man-ē‑.
|
r324_ men-4 Small, isolated.
|
r325_ mendh- To learn. Zero-grade form *mn̥dh‑.
|
r326_ menegh- Copious.
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r327_ mer- To rub away, harm. Derivatives include nightmare , morsel , morbid , mortal , mortgage , and ambrosia.
|
r328_ merg- Boundary, border. Oldest form *merg̑‑, becoming *merg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include marquee , demarcation , and margin.
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r329_ meuə- To push away.
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r330_ mizdho- Reward.
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r331_ mori- Body of water; lake (?), sea (?).
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r332_ mregh-u- Short. Oldest form *mreg̑h-u‑, becoming *mregh-u‑ in centum languages.
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r333_ mūs- A mouse; also a muscle (from the resemblance of a flexing muscle to the movements of a mouse).
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r334_ nas- Nose.
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r335_ nāu- Boat. Oldest form *neh2u‑, colored to *nah2u‑, becoming *nau‑ (before consonants) and *nāw‑ (before vowels).
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r336_ n̥dher- Under.
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r337_ ne Not. Derivatives include naughty , never , nothing , annul , nice , annihilate , negligee , deny , and renegade.
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r338_ nebh- Cloud.
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r339_ ned- To bind, tie.
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r340_ nek-1 Death. Oldest form *nek̑‑, becoming *nek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include nuisance , innocent , and nectarine.
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r341_ nek-2 To reach, attain. Oldest form *nek̑‑, becoming *nek‑ in centum languages.
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r342_ nekw-t- Night (perhaps originally "twilight, twilight of the morning and evening" as opposed to *kwsep‑, "the dark of the night"). Probably from a verbal root *negw‑, to be dark, be night. O-grade form *nokw-t‑.
|
r343_ nem- To assign, allot; also to take. Derivatives include numb , nemesis , and nomad.
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r344_ nepōt- Grandson, nephew. Feminine *neptī‑.
|
r345_ ner-1 Under, also on the left; hence, with an eastward orientation, north. Suffixed zero-grade form *nr̥-t(r)o‑.
Compare deks- . |
r346_ ner-2 Man; basic sense "vigorous, vital, strong."
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r347_ nes-1 To return safely home.
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r348_ nes-2 Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the first person plural. For the nominative see we- .
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r349_ neu- To shout.
|
r350_ newn̥ Nine.
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r351_ newo- New. Related to nu- . Derivatives include neon , and nova.
|
r352_ nobh- Also ombh-. Navel; later also "central knob," boss of a shield, hub of a wheel. Oldest form *h3nobh‑, variant *h3ombh‑ (< *h3onbh‑).
|
r353_ nogh- Also ongh-. Nail, claw. Oldest forms *h3nogh‑, *h3ongh‑.
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r354_ nogw- Naked.
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r355_ nō̆-men- Name. Oldest form *h1no(h3)-mn̥, zero-grade form *h1n̥(h3)-men‑.
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r356_ nu- Now. Related to newo- .
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r357_ od- To hate.
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r358_ oi-no- One, unique. Derivatives include once , atone , union , universe , and any.
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r359_ oit- To take along, fetch. Oldest form h3eit‑, colored to h3oit‑.
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r360_ oktō(u) Eight. Oldest form *ok̑tō(u), becoming *oktō(u) in centum languages.
|
r361_ ōku- Swift. Oldest form *ōk̑u‑, becoming *ōku‑ in centum languages.
See also ekwo- . |
r362_ okw- To see. Oldest form *h3ekw‑, colored to *h3okw‑, zero-grade *h3kw‑. Derivatives include eye , daisy , window , inoculate , and autopsy.
|
r363_ op- To work, produce in abundance. Oldest form *h3ep‑, colored to *h3op‑. Derivatives include opera 1, maneuver , manure , opulent , and cornucopia.
|
r364_ or- Large bird. Oldest form *h3er‑, colored to *h3or‑.
|
r365_ orbh- To turn, with derivatives referring to change of change allegiance or status. Oldest form *h3erbh‑, colored *h3orbh‑. Suffixed form *orbh-o‑, "bereft of father," also "deprived of free status."
|
r366_ ors- Buttocks, backside.
|
r367_ ōs- Mouth. Oldest form *h3ōs‑, but precise preform uncertain.
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r368_ ost- Bone. Oldest form *h2ost‑, with e-grade *h2est‑ colored to *h2ast‑.
|
r369_ ous- Also aus-. Ear. Oldest form *h2ous‑, with e-grade *h2eus‑ colored to *h2aus‑.
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r370_ owi- Sheep. Oldest form *h2owi‑.
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r371_ pā- To protect, feed. Oldest form *peh2‑, colored to *pah2‑, becoming *pā‑. Derivatives include fodder , forage , fur , food , foster , pasture , pantry , and company.
|
r372_ paəwr̥ Fire. Oldest form *peh2wr̥, colored to *pah2wr̥, with zero-grade *ph2ur‑ metathesized to *puh2r‑. Zero-grade form *pūr‑ (from *puh2r‑).
|
r373_ pag- Also pak-. To fasten. Oldest forms *pag̑‑, *pak̑‑, becoming *pag‑, *pak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include fang , peace , pact , palisade , and travel.
|
r374_ pāl- To touch, feel, shake. Earlier *peh2l‑, colored to *pah2l‑, becoming *pāl‑.
|
r375_ pan- Fabric.
|
r376_ pant- All. Attested only in Tocharian and Greek.
|
r377_ papa A child's word for "father," a linguistic near-universal found in many languages.
|
r378_ past- Solid, firm.
|
r379_ pau-1 Few, little. Oldest form *peh2u‑, colored to *pah2u‑. Derivatives include few , pauper , foal , pony , and pullet.
|
r380_ pau-2 To cut, strike, stamp. Oldest form *peh2u‑, colored to *pah2u‑.
|
r381_ ped- Foot. Derivatives include foot , fetter , pioneer , millipede , impeach , pajamas , fetch 1, pessimism , and impeccable.
|
r382_ pē(i)- Also pē‑, pī-. To hurt. Contracted from *peə1(i)‑; zero-grades *piə1‑,*pə1‑.
|
r383_ peiə- To be fat, swell. Derivatives include fat , pituitary , and Irish.
|
r384_ peig- Also peik-. (earlier *peik̑‑, remaining as such in satem languages). To cut, mark (by incision).
|
r385_ peku- Wealth, movable property. Oldest form *pek̑u‑, becoming *peku‑ in centum languages.
|
r386_ pekw- To cook, ripen.
|
r387_ pel-1 Pale. Derivatives include pallor , falcon , and poliomyelitis.
|
r388_ pel-2 To fold.
|
r389_ pel-3 Skin, hide.
|
r390_ pel-4 To sell.
|
r391_ pel-5 To thrust, strike, drive. Derivatives include anvil , filter , pulsate , polish , and appeal.
|
r392_ pelə-1 To fill; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. Oldest form *pelh1‑; variant *pleh1‑, becoming *plē‑. Derivatives include fill , plenty , folk , accomplish , expletive , and plebeian.
|
r393_ pelə-2 Flat; to spread. Oldest form *pelh2‑; variant *pleh2‑, colored to *plah2‑, becoming *plā‑. Derivatives include field , planet , plasma , plastic , and polka.
See also extensions plāk- 1, plat- . |
r394_ pelə-3 Citadel, fortified high place. Oldest form perhaps *pelh3‑ (but exact laryngeal uncertain). Zero-grade form *pl̥h3‑.
|
r395_ penkwe Five. Derivatives include five , Pentecost , quintessence , finger , and foist.
|
r396_ pent- To tread, go. Derivatives include find , pontiff , and sputnik.
|
r397_ per1 Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of "forward," "through," and a wide range of extended senses such as "in front of," "before," "early," "first," "chief," "toward," "against," "near," "at," "around." Derivatives include far , paradise , afford , first , protein , veneer , probe , privy , pristine , and priest.
Other possibly related forms are grouped under per- 2, per- 3, per- 4, per- 5. |
r398_ per-2 To lead, pass over. A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1. Derivatives include fjord , welfare , emporium , opportune , important , and sport.
|
r399_ per-3 To try, risk (< "to lead over," "press forward"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1.
|
r400_ per-4 To strike. A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1.
|
r401_ per-5 To traffic in, sell (< "to hand over," "distribute"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1 . Base of two distinct extended roots.
|
r402_ perd- To fart.
Compare pezd- . |
r403_ perə-1 To produce, procure. Oldest form *perh2‑; possibly related to perə- 2. See also per- 5II. Derivatives include parade , parry , emperor , parachute , sever , and parent.
|
r404_ perə-2 To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). Oldest form *perh3‑. Possibly related to perə- 1. See also per- 5II. Zero-grade form *pr̥ə‑ (becoming *par‑ in Latin).
|
r405_ perkwu- Oak.
|
r406_ pes- Penis. Suffixed form *pes-ni‑.
|
r407_ pet- To rush, fly. Also petə- . Oldest form *peth1‑. Variant *pteh1‑, becoming *ptē‑. Derivatives include feather , compete , perpetual , ptomaine , symptom , and hippopotamus.
|
r408_ petə- To spread. Oldest form *peth2‑. Derivatives include fathom , patent , and compass.
|
r409_ peuə- To purify, cleanse. Oldest form *peuh2‑.
|
r410_ peuk- Also peug-. To prick. Oldest forms *peuk̑‑, *peug̑‑, becoming *peuk‑, *peug‑ in centum languages. Zero-grade form *pug‑.
|
r411_ pezd- To fart.
Compare perd- . |
r412_ pəter- Father. Oldest form *ph2ter‑.
|
r413_ plāk-1 Also plak-. To be flat. Earliest form *pleh2k‑, colored to *plah2k‑, becoming *plāk‑. Extension of pelə- 2. Derivatives include fluke 1, flaw 1, plead , placenta , and archipelago.
|
r414_ plāk-2 To strike. Oldest form *pleh2k‑, colored to *plah2k‑, becoming *plāk‑.
|
r415_ plat- Also pletə-. To spread. (Oldest form *pletə2‑). Extension of pelə- 2. Derivatives include flatter 1, plant , plateau , platitude , and plaza.
|
r416_ plek- To plait. Extension of pel- 2 . Oldest form *plek̑‑, becoming *plek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include flax , pliant , and perplex.
|
r417_ pleu- To flow. Derivatives include pulmonary , Pluto , flow , fowl , flutter , and fluster.
|
r418_ pneu- To breathe. Imitative root.
|
r419_ pō(i)- To drink. Oldest form *peh3(i)‑, colored to *poh3(i)‑.
|
r420_ porko- Young pig. Oldest form *pork̑o‑, becoming *porko‑ in centum languages.
|
r421_ poti- Powerful; lord.
|
r422_ prek- To ask, entreat. Oldest form *prek̑‑, becoming *prek‑ in centum languages.
|
r423_ preus- To freeze, burn.
|
r424_ prī- To love. Oldest form *prihx‑ (becoming *priy‑ before vowels). Derivatives include filibuster , friend , and Friday.
|
r425_ pū̆- To rot, decay. Probably from earlier *puhx‑ (becoming *puw‑ before vowels). Derivatives include foul , fuzzy , potpourri , and pus.
|
r426_ [ re- Also red-. Backward. Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret‑, metathetical variant of *wert‑, to turn (< "turned back"), an extended form of wer- 2.
|
r427_ rē- To bestow, endow. Oldest form *reh1‑. Suffixed form *reə-i‑, goods, wealth, property.
|
r428_ rēd- To scrape, scratch, gnaw. Oldest form *reh1d‑, becoming *rēd‑.
|
r429_ reg- To move in a straight line, with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line, lead, rule. " Oldest form *h3reg̑‑, becoming *h3reg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include right , realm , anorexia , rich , rule , interrogate , and reckless.
|
r430_ rei- To flow, run.
|
r431_ reidh- To ride. Derivatives include raid , road , and array.
|
r432_ reig- To reach, stretch out. Oldest form *reig̑‑, becoming *reig‑ in centum languages.
|
r433_ rep- To snatch.
|
r434_ ret- To run, roll.
|
r435_ reudh- Red, ruddy. Oldest form *h1reudh‑. Derivatives include red , robust , corroborate , ruby , and rubric.
|
r436_ reuə- To open; space. Oldest form *ruhx-mo‑.
|
r437_ reug- To vomit, belch; smoke, cloud. Oldest form h1reug‑.
|
r438_ reup- Also reub-. To snatch. Derivatives include bereave , rob , usurp , and bankrupt.
|
r439_ r̥tko- Bear. Oldest form *h2r̥tk̑o‑, becoming *h2 r̥tko‑ in centum languages.
|
r440_ sā- To satisfy. Oldest form *seh2‑, colored to *sah2‑, becoming *sā‑.
|
r441_ sāg- To seek out. Oldest form *seh2g‑, colored to *sah2g‑, becoming *sāg‑. Derivatives include seek , ransack , and hegemony.
|
r442_ sak- To sanctify.
|
r443_ sal- Salt.
|
r444_ sāwel- The sun. Oldest form *seh2wel‑, colored to *sah2wel‑, becoming *sāwel‑, with zero-grade *s(u)wel‑. The element *-el‑ was originally suffixal, and alternated with *-en‑, yielding the variant zero-grades *s(u)wen‑ and (reduced) *sun‑. Derivatives include Sunday , south , solar , and helium.
|
r445_ sē- To sow. Contracted from *seə1‑.
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r446_ sed- To sit. Derivatives include sit , soot , séance , siege , obsess , subside , soil 1, and chair.
|
r447_ segh- To hold. Oldest form *seg̑h‑, becoming *segh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include hectic , eunuch , scheme , and scholar.
|
r448_ sek- To cut. Derivatives include scythe , Saxon , skin , insect , and sickle.
See also extended roots skei- , sker- 1. |
r449_ sekw-1 To follow. Derivatives include sequel , execute , pursue , and society.
|
r450_ sekw-2 To perceive, see.
|
r451_ sekw-3 To say, utter.
|
r452_ sel- To jump.
|
r453_ sem-1 One; also adverbially "as one," together with. Derivatives include simultaneous , hyphen , acolyte , and simple.
|
r454_ sem-2 Also semə-. Summer. (oldest form *semh2‑).
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r455_ sēmi- Half‑, as first member of a compound.
|
r456_ sen- Old.
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r457_ sengwh- To sing, make an incantation.
|
r458_ sent- To head for, go.
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r459_ sep- To taste, perceive. Suffixed zero-grade form *sap-yo‑.
|
r460_ septm̥ Seven.
|
r461_ ser-1 To protect.
|
r462_ ser-2 To line up.
|
r463_ seuə-1 To give birth. Oldest form *suhx-.
See also sū- . |
r464_ seuə-2 To take liquid. Oldest form *suhx-. Derivatives include soup , soak , and succulent.
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r465_ skand- Also skend-. To leap, climb.
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r466_ skei- To cut, split. Extension of sek- . Derivatives include science , nice , shit , schism , sheath , ski , and esquire.
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r467_ skel-1 Also kel-. To cut. Derivatives include scalp , skill , cutlass , half , scalpel , and sculpture.
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r468_ skel-2 To be under an obligation. O-grade (perfect) form *skol‑.
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r469_ sker-1 Also ker-. To cut. Derivatives include shears , scabbard , skirmish , carnage , sharp , scrape , and screw.
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r470_ sker-2 Also ker-. To turn, bend. Presumed base of a number of distantly related derivatives. Derivatives include shrink , ranch , rink , curve , crepe , circle , search , and crown.
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r471_ sker-3 Excrement, dung. Oldest form *sk̑er‑, becoming *sker‑ in centum languages.
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r472_ (s)keu- To cover, conceal. Zero-grade form *(s)ku‑. Variant *(s)keuə‑, zero-grade form *(s)kuə‑, contracted to *(s)kū‑. Derivatives include sky , meerschaum , scum , obscure , recoil , and hoard.
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r473_ skeud- To shoot, chase, throw. Derivatives include shoot , shut , and scuttle. 1
|
r474_ skrībh- To cut, separate, sift. Extension of sker- 1.
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r475_ slēb- To be weak, sleep. Possibly related to slēg- , through a hypothetical base *slē‑ (< earlier *sleə1‑).
|
r476_ slēg- Also lēg-. To be slack, be languid. Possibly related to slēb- through a hypothetical base *slē‑ (< earlier *sleə1‑). Zero-grade form *sləg‑, becoming *slag‑.
|
r477_ sleiə- Bluish.
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r478_ sleubh- To slide, slip. Derivatives include sleeve , lubricate , and slop. 1
|
r479_ smei- To laugh, smile.
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r480_ (s)mer-1 To remember.
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r481_ (s)mer-2 To get a share of something.
|
r482_ snā- To swim. Oldest form *sneh2‑, colored to *snah2‑, becoming *snā‑.
See also extension (s)nāu- . |
r483_ (s)nāu- To swim, flow, let flow, whence suckle. Oldest form *sneh2u‑; colored to *snah2u‑, becoming *(s)nāu‑. Extension of snā- .
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r484_ (s)nē- Also nē-. To spin, sew. Oldest form *(s)neh1‑, becoming *(s)nē‑.
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r485_ sneigwh- Snow; to snow.
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r486_ (s)neəu- Tendon, sinew. Oldest form *sneə1u‑. Extension of (s)nē- . Suffixed form *(s)neəw-r̥‑, with further suffixes.
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r487_ so- This, that (nominative). For other cases see to- .
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r488_ sol- Also solə-. Whole. (oldest form *solh2‑). Derivatives include solid , catholic , and salvo.
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r489_ spē- To thrive, prosper. Oldest form *speh1‑, becoming *spē‑.
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r490_ spek- To observe. Oldest form *spek̑‑, becoming *spek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include espionage , spectrum , despise , suspect , despicable , bishop , and telescope.
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r491_ (s)pen- To draw, stretch, spin. Derivatives include spider , pansy , pendant 1, appendix , penthouse , and spontaneous.
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r492_ spend- To make an offering, perform a rite, hence to engage oneself by a ritual act. O-grade from *spond‑.
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r493_ sper- To strew. Derivatives include sprawl , sperm 1, and sporadic.
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r494_ sperə- Ankle. Oldest form *sperh2‑. Zero-grade form *spr̥(ə)‑.
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r495_ sreu- To flow.
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r496_ stā- To stand; with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing. " Oldest form *steh2‑, colored to *stah2‑, contracted to *stā‑. Derivatives include steed , stud 2, arrest , instant , understand , static , prostitute , insist , ecstasy , and system.
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r497_ stāi- Stone. Oldest form possibly *steh2i‑, colored to *stah2i‑, becoming *stai‑ before consonants and *stāy‑ before vowels.
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r498_ (s)teg- To cover. Derivatives include thatch , thug , and detect.
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r499_ stegh- To stick, prick; pointed.
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r500_ steig- To stick; pointed. Partly blended with stegh- . Derivatives include stitch , ticket , instinct , stigma , tiger , and steak.
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r501_ steigh- To stride, step, rise. Derivatives include stirrup , acrostic , and stair.
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r502_ stel- To put, stand; with derivatives referring to a standing object or place. Derivatives include apostle , stallion , pedestal , stilt , and stout.
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r503_ (s)tenə- To thunder. Oldest form *stenh2‑.
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r504_ ster-1 Stiff. Derivatives include stare , starch , stork , starve , and torpedo.
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r505_ ster-2 Also sterə-. To spread. Oldest forms *ster‑, *sterh3‑. Derivatives include destroy , industry , straw , street , and stratagem.
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r506_ ster-3 Star. Oldest form *h2ster‑.
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r507_ streb(h)- To wind, turn. European root.
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r508_ streig- To stroke, rub, press. European root. Derivatives include streak , prestige , and restrict.
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r509_ sū- Pig. Oldest form *suhx‑, becoming *sū‑; probably a derivative of seuə- 1.
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r510_ swād- Sweet, pleasant. Oldest form *sweh2d‑, colored to *swah2d‑, becoming *swād‑.
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r511_ s(w)e- Pronoun of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of the sentence); further appearing in various forms referring to the social group as an entity, "(we our‑)selves." Derivatives include self , gossip , suicide , secret , sober , sullen , ethic , and idiot.
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r512_ sweid- Sweat; to sweat.
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r513_ s(w)eks Six. Oldest form *s(w)ek̑s, becoming *s(w)eks in centum languages.
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r514_ swel- To eat, drink.
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r515_ swen- Also swenə-. To sound. (oldest form *swenh2‑).
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r516_ swep- To sleep.
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r517_ swer- To speak, talk. O-grade form *swor‑.
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r518_ swesor- Sister. Perhaps originally a compound of s(w)e- and *esōr, woman, so literally "woman of one's own kin group" in an exogamous society.
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r519_ swo- Pronominal stem; so. Derivative of s(w)e- .
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r520_ syū- Also sū-. To bind, sew. Oldest form *s(y)uhx‑, becoming *s(y)ū‑.
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r521_ tag- To touch, handle.
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r522_ tauro- Bull. Derivative of stā- , but an independent word in Indo-European.
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r523_ tegu- Thick.
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r524_ tek- To beget, give birth to.
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r525_ teks- To weave; also to fabricate, especially with an ax; also to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls. Oldest form *tek̑s‑, becoming *teks‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include text , tissue , subtle , architect , and technology.
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r526_ telə- To lift, support, weigh; with derivatives referring to measured weights and thence to money and payment. Oldest form *telh2‑. Derivatives include tolerate , retaliate , tantalize , Atlas , translate , and extol.
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r527_ tem- Also temə-. To cut. (oldest form *temh2‑).
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r528_ ten- To stretch. Derivatives include tendon , pretend , hypotenuse , tenement , tenor , entertain , lieutenant , and tone.
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r529_ terə-1 To rub, turn; with some derivatives referring to twisting, boring, drilling, and piercing; and others referring to the rubbing of cereal grain to remove the husks, and thence to the process of threshing either by the trampling of oxen or by flailing with flails. Oldest form *terh1‑, with variant *treh1‑, becoming *trē‑. Derivatives include trite , detriment , thrash , trauma , and truant.
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r530_ terə-2 To cross over, pass through, overcome. Oldest form *terh2‑, with variant *treh2‑, colored to *trah2‑, becoming *trā‑. Derivatives include thrill , nostril , and trench.
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r531_ terkw- To twist.
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r532_ ters- To dry. Derivatives include thirst , terrain , toast 1, and torrent.
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r533_ teuə- Also teu-. To swell. Oldest form *teuh2‑. Derivatives include thigh , thousand , thimble , tumor , butter , and tomb.
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r534_ teutā- Tribe.
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r535_ tkei- To settle, dwell, be home. Oldest form *tk̑ei‑, becoming *tkei‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include home , hangar , and situate.
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r536_ to- Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative singular see so- . Derivatives include decoy , thus , and tandem.
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r537_ tolkw- To speak. Metathesized form *tlokw‑.
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r538_ tong- To think, feel.
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r539_ treb- Dwelling.
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r540_ trei- Three. Derivatives include three , trio , testicle , detest , and trinity.
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r541_ trep- To turn.
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r542_ treud- To squeeze.
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r543_ tu- Second person singular pronoun; you, thou.
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r544_ ud- Also ūd-. Up, out. Derivatives include utmost , carouse , outlaw , and hubris.
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r545_ uks-en- Bull, ox.
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r546_ uper Over. Derivatives include over , sovereign , sirloin , soprano , and somersault.
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r547_ upo Under, up from under, over. Derivatives include uproar , open , eavesdrop , supple , valet , vassal , and opal.
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r548_ wal- To be strong.
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r549_ wap- Bad, evil. Oldest form *h2wap‑. Suffixed zero-grade form *up-elo‑.
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r550_ we- We. For oblique cases of the pronoun see nes- 2 . Suffixed variant form *wey-es
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r551_ wē- To blow. Oldest form *h2weh1‑, becoming *wē after loss of initial laryngeal and compensatory lengthening of vowel from loss of final laryngeal.
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r552_ webh- To weave, also to move quickly. Derivatives include web , weevil , and wobble.
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r553_ wed-1 Water; wet. Derivatives include water , hydrant , redundant , otter , and vodka.
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r554_ wed-2 To speak. Oldest form *h2wed‑.
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r555_ weg- To be strong, be lively. Oldest form *weg̑‑, becoming *weg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include watch , vigilante , reveille , and velocity.
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r556_ wegh- To go, transport in a vehicle. Oldest form *weg̑h‑, becoming *wegh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include weight , away , wagon , earwig , devious , trivial , and vex.
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r557_ wei- Also weiə-. To turn, twist; with derivatives referring to suppleness or binding. (earlier *weiə1‑). Derivatives include wire , vise , and iris.
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r558_ weid- To see. Derivatives include guide , wisdom , kaleidoscope , Hades , unwitting , envy , idea , history , and penguin.
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r559_ weiə- To go after someting, pursue with vigor, desire, with noun forms meaning force, power. Oldest form *wihx-. Related to wī-ro- .
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r560_ weik-1 Clan (social unit above the household). Oldest form *weik̑‑, becoming *weik‑ in centum languages.
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r561_ weik-2 Also weig-. To bend, wind. Derivatives include wicker , weak , and vicarious.
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r562_ weik-3 To fight, conquer.
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r563_ weip- To turn, vacillate, tremble ecstatically. Derivatives include wipe , whip , and vibrate.
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r564_ wekti- Thing, creature.
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r565_ wekw- To speak.
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r566_ wel-1 To wish, will. Derivatives include wealth , gallop , gallant , and voluptuous.
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r567_ wel-2 To turn, roll; with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. Derivatives include waltz , willow , wallow , revolve , valley , and helix.
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r568_ welə- To strike, wound. Oldest form *welh2‑.
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r569_ wemə- To vomit. Oldest form *wemh1‑.
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r570_ wen-1 To desire, strive for. Derivatives include win , wont , wish , venerate , venereal , venom , and venison.
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r571_ wen-2 To beat, wound.
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r572_ wer-1 To raise, lift, hold suspended. Oldest form *h2wer‑.
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r573_ wer-2 Conventional base of various Indo-European roots; to turn, bend. Derivatives include stalwart , weird , vertebra , wrath , wrong , wrestle , briar 1, rhapsody , and worm.
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r574_ wer-3 To perceive, watch out for. Derivatives include wary , lord , reward , guard , and panorama.
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r575_ wer-4 To cover. Derivatives include overt , cover , warranty , garage , garrison , and garnish.
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r576_ wer-5 Also werə-. To speak. Oldest form *werh1‑, with variant *wreh1‑, becoming *wrē‑.
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r577_ wē-r- Water, liquid, milk. Contracted from *weə1-r‑; zero-grade *uə1-r‑, contracted to *ūr‑. Related to euə-dh-r̥ .
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r578_ wērə-o- True, trustworthy. Oldest form *wērə1-o‑. Derivatives include warlock , and verdict.
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r579_ werg- To do. Oldest form *werg̑‑, becoming *werg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include work , allergy , surgery , wrought , and orgy.
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r580_ wers- To confuse, mix up. Compare ers- .
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r581_ wes-1 To live, dwell, pass the night, with derivatives meaning "to be." Oldest form *h2wes‑.
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r582_ wes-2 To clothe. Extension of eu- 1.
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r583_ wes-3 To buy.
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r584_ wes-pero- Evening, night.
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r585_ wesr̥ Spring.
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r586_ wet-1 To blow, inspire, spiritually arouse. Related to wē- . Oldest form *h2wet‑ Derivatives include Wednesday , and atmosphere.
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r587_ wet-2 Year.
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r588_ wi- Apart, in half.
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r589_ wī-ro- Man. Oldest form *wihx-ro‑, derivative of weiə- . Derivatives include werewolf , world , and virtuoso.
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r590_ wīkm̥tī- Twenty. Compound of wi- , in half, hence two, and *(d)km̥t-ī (nominative dual), decade, reduced zero-grade form of dekm̥ . Oldest form *wīk̑m̥tī‑, becoming *wīkm̥tī‑ in centum languages.
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r591_ wl̥kwo- Wolf.
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r592_ wl̥p-ē- Fox.
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r593_ wō̆s You (plural).
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r594_ wrād- Branch, root. Oldest form *wreh2d‑, colored to *wrah2d‑, becoming *wrād‑. Derivatives include root 1, wort , radish , and licorice.
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r595_ yē- To throw, impel. Contracted from *yeh1‑.
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r596_ yeg- Ice.
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r597_ yek- To speak. Suffixed o-grade form *yok-o‑.
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r598_ yē̆kwr̥ Liver.
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r599_ yēr- Year, season. Oldest form *yeh1r‑, becoming *yē‑.
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r600_ yes- To boil, foam, bubble.
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r601_ yeu- Vital force, youthful vigor. Oldest form *h2yeu‑; variant of aiw- . Suffixed zero-grade form *yuwen‑ (< *yu-əen‑), "possessing youthful vigor," young.
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r602_ yeug- To join. Derivatives include yoke , jugular , adjust , junta , and yoga.
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r603_ yewes- Law.
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r604_ yewo- A grain, probably barley. Suffixed form *yew-ya.
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r605_ yu- You. Second person (plural) pronoun.
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This dictionary carries the etymology of the English language to its logical and natural conclusion, for if the documentary history of words is of interest and value, so is their reconstructed prehistory. The historical component is given in the etymologies, after the definitions in the main body of the dictionary. This appendix supplies the prehistoric component, tracing the ultimate Indo-European derivations of those English words that are descended from a selected group of Indo-European roots.
In the appendix, the form given in boldface type at the head of each entry is, unless otherwise identified, an Indo-European root in its basic form. The basic root form is followed in some cases by one or more variants, also in boldface type. Then the basic reconstructed meaning or meanings of the root are given. Meanings that are different parts of speech are separated by a semicolon:
kei-1 To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear.After the basic meaning there may appear further information about the phonological shape or nature of the root:
skei- To cut, split. Extension of sek-.Most, but not all, of the additional information is self-explanatory. In the first two examples, the boldface forms sek- and wer-2 are cross-references to those roots, which are main entries in this appendix. Every boldface form appearing in the text of an entry is such a cross-reference. In the example pā- the forms *peh2‑, *pah2‑, and *pā- represent older root forms; the nature of these changes is explained in the essay with “Speech Sounds and Their Alternations” (see the print dictionary). The entries līk- and re- are not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since they are represented in only one branch of the family, but they are included, within boldface brackets, because of the number of English words among their descendants.
The text of each entry describes in detail the development of Modern English words from the root. Each numbered section of an entry begins with a list, in small capitals, of the Modern English words derived from a particular form of the root. (This list may be preceded by an intermediate step; see further below.) The simple (uncompounded) derivatives are given first; the compounds follow, separated from them by a semicolon. In some cases no further semantic or morphological development needs to be explained, and the lemma, the historically attested representative of the root, is given next, as avis at the entry awi-:
awi- Bird. I. 1.avian, aviary, aviation; aviculture, avifauna, bustard, ocarina, osprey, ostrich, from Latin avis, bird.Much more commonly, however, intermediate developments require explanation. These intermediate stages are reconstructions representing a word stem in Indo-European that is necessary to explain the lemma following it (see the section “Grammatical Forms and Syntax” in the print dictionary). The reconstructed forms are not historically attested; they are preceded by an asterisk (*) to note this fact. Sometimes earlier or later developments of the intermediate forms are given in parentheses, as in the example of stā- below. In these cases the symbol < is used to mean “derived from” and the symbol > is used to mean “developed into.” Intermediate stages that are in fact attested (such as the stages between Latin avis and English bustard in the example above) are usually not given in the appendix, but in the etymology of the word in the main vocabulary of the dictionary. The following terms are used to describe typical morphological processes of Indo-European:
A form with e-vocalism (the basic form); so identified for descriptive contrast.
A form with o-vocalism:
dhers- O-grade form *dhors- …A form with zero-vocalism:
men-1 I. Zero-grade form *mn̥-.A form with lengthened vocalism:
ked- 1. Lengthened-grade form *kēd-.A new full-grade form created by inserting the fundamental vowel e in the zero-grade form of an extended root:
stā- … V. Zero-grade extended root *stū- (< *stuə‑).... VI. Secondary full-grade form *steuə-.The unchanged root; so identified for descriptive contrast.
A form with one or more suffixes, written with an internal hyphen:
laks- Suffixed form *laks-o-.A form with a prefix, written with an internal hyphen:
op- … 6. … from prefixed form *co-op- …A form with an extension or enlargement, written without internal hyphens:
pel-5 … II. Extended form *pelh2-.A form with a nasal infix, written with internal hyphens:
tag- 1. Nasalized form *ta-n-g-.A form prefixed by its own initial consonant followed by a vowel:
segh- … 6. Reduplicated form *si-sgh-.A form with “expressive gemination” (doubling of the final consonant), written without internal hyphens:
gal- … 3. Expressive form *gall-.A form compounded with a form of another root, written with internal hyphens:
dem- … 3. Compound form *dems-pot- …A form with shortened vocalism:
syū- … III. Suffixed shortened form *syu-men-.A form with loss of one or more sounds:
ambhi 1. Reduced form *bhi.A root form showing a laryngeal (h1, h2, h3, hx, etc. ) in a position, typically at the beginning or end of a root, where it is preserved in only a few Indo-European languages, such as Greek or Hittite:
ster-3 Star. Oldest form *h2ster-.A form altered in any way other than those described in the above categories:
deru- … 2. Variant form *dreu-.These terms can be combined freely to describe in as much detail as necessary the development from the root to the lemma.
dhē(i)- 1. Suffixed reduced form *dhē-mnā-. female, feme, feminine; effeminate, from Latin fēmina, woman (< “she who suckles”).In order to emphasize the fact that English belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo-European and give precedence to directly inherited words in contrast to words borrowed from other branches, the intermediate stages in Germanic etymologies are covered in fuller detail. The Common or Proto-Germanic (here called simply Germanic) forms underlying English words are always given. Where no other considerations intervene, Germanic is given first of the Indo-European groups, and Old English is given first within Germanic, although this order of precedence is not rigidly applied.
The final item in most entries is an abbreviated reference, in brackets, to Julius Pokorny’s Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (Bern, 1959). This, the standard work of reference and synthesis in the Indo-European field, carries a full range of the actual comparative material on which the roots are reconstructed. Our appendix presents only those aspects of the material that are directly relevant to English. For example, the English word many is found at the root menegh‑, “copious.” This entry describes the transition of the Indo-European form through Germanic *managa- to Old English manig, mænig, “many.” It does not cite the comparative evidence from outside English and Germanic on which this assertion is based, but it refers to “Pokorny men(e)gh- 730.” The entry men(e)gh- on page 730 in Pokorny’s dictionary cites, in addition to the Old English word, the forms attested in Sanskrit, Celtic, Gothic, Old High German, Old Norse, Slavic, and Lithuanian, from which the reconstruction of the root was made. These references should serve as a reminder that the information given in this appendix is assertive rather than expository and that the evidence and evaluation upon which its assertions are based are not presented here.
Parentheses within a form enclose sound(s) or letter(s) sometimes or optionally present.