r001_ ad- To, near, at.
|
r002_ ag- To drive, draw, move. Oldest form *ag̑‑, becoming *ag‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include agony , ambiguous , demagogue , essay , and squat.
See also derivative agro- . |
r003_ agh- A day (considered as a span of time). Oldest form *ag̑h‑, becoming *agh‑ in centum languages.
|
r004_ agro- Field. Probably a derivative of ag- . Oldest form *ag̑ro‑, becoming *agro‑ in centum languages.
|
r005_ aik- To be master of, possess. Oldest form *h2eik̑‑, colored to *h2aik̑‑, becoming *aik̑‑ in satem languages and *aik‑ in centum languages.
|
r006_ aim- Copy. Oldest form *h2eim‑, colored to *h2aim‑.
|
r007_ ais- To wish, desire.
|
r008_ aiw- Also ayu-. Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also "endowed with the acme of vital force, young." Oldest forms *h2eiw‑, *h2eyu‑, colored to *h2aiw‑, *h2ayu‑. Derivatives include no 1, ever , medieval , age , and eon.
See also derivative yeu- . |
r009_ ak- Sharp. Oldest form *h2ek̑‑, colored to *h2ak̑‑, becoming *ak̑‑ in satem languages and *ak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include acute , hammer , heaven , eager 1, vinegar , acid , and oxygen.
|
r010_ akw-ā- Water.
|
r011_ al-1 Beyond. Oldest form probably *h2el‑, colored to *h2al‑. Derivatives include alarm , ultimate , else , alien , alibi , and parallel.
|
r012_ al-2 To grow, nourish. Derivatives include old , haughty , altitude , enhance , alumnus , coalesce , and prolific.
|
r013_ al-3 All. Germanic and Celtic root.
|
r014_ albho- White. Derivatives include elf , oaf , and albino.
|
r015_ alu- In words related to sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication.
|
r016_ ambhi Also m̥bhi. Around. Probably derived from *ant-bhi, "from both sides" (see ant- ).
|
r017_ an- On.
|
r018_ anə- To breathe. Oldest form *h2enh1‑, colored to *h2anh1‑.Suffixed form *h2anh1-mo‑.
|
r019_ angh- Tight, painfully constricted, painful. Oldest form *ang̑h‑, becoming *angh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include anger , hangnail , and quinsy.
|
r020_ ansu- Spirit, demon. Oldest form *h2e/onsu‑, colored to *h2a/onsu‑.
|
r021_ ant- Front, forehead. Oldest form *h2ent‑, colored to *h2ant‑ Derivatives include along , end , advance , and antique.
|
r022_ apo- Also ap-. Off, away. Derivatives include off , ebb , awkward , puny , and compote.
|
r023_ ar- Also arə-. To fit together. Oldest form *h2erh1‑, colored to *h2arh1‑, with variant *h2reh1‑, becoming *rē‑. Derivatives include army , harmony , inert , aristocracy , adorn , hatred , rite , arithmetic , and rhyme.
|
r024_ arg- To shine; white; the shining or white metal, silver. Oldest form *h2(e)rg̑‑, colored to *h2(a)rg̑‑, becoming *arg̑‑ in satem languages and *arg‑ in centum languages.
|
r025_ as- To burn, glow. Oldest form *h2es‑, colored to *h2as‑. Derivatives include arson , and azalea.
|
r026_ at- To go; with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaning a year (conceived as "the period gone through, the revolving year"). Suffixed form *at-no‑.
|
r027_ āter- Fire.
|
r028_ au- To perceive. Compound forms *au-dh‑, *awis-dh‑, "to place perception" (*dh‑, to place; see dhē- ).
|
r029_ aug- To increase. Oldest form *h2eug‑, colored to *h2aug‑. Variant *h2weg‑ becoming *(a)weg‑. Derivatives include nickname , auction , and auxiliary.
|
r030_ aus- To shine. Derivatives include east , Easter , and aurora.
|
r031_ awi- Bird. Oldest form *h2ewi‑, colored to *h2awi‑. Derivatives include aviation , bustard , ostrich , cockney , oval , and caviar.
|
r032_ awo- An adult male relative other than one's father.
|
r033_ ayer- Day, morning.
|
r034_ ayes- A metal, copper or bronze.
|
r035_ bak- Staff used for support.
|
r036_ bel- Strong.
|
r037_ bhā-1 To shine. Oldest form *bheh2‑, colored to *bhah2‑, becoming *bhā‑. Derivatives include beacon , berry , banner , fantasy , and phase.
|
r038_ bhā-2 To speak. Oldest form *bheh2‑, colored to *bhah2‑, becoming *bhā‑. Derivatives include fate , infant , prophet , abandon , banish , symphony , confess , and blame.
|
r039_ bha-bhā- Broad bean.
|
r040_ bhad- Good.
|
r041_ bhag- To share out, apportion, also to get a share.
|
r042_ bhāghu- Arm. Oldest form *bhāg̑hu‑, becoming *bhāghu‑ in centum languages.
|
r043_ bhāgo- Beech tree.
|
r044_ bhardh-ā- Beard.
|
r045_ bhares- Also bhars-. Barley.
|
r046_ bhau- To strike. Oldest form *bheh2u‑, colored to *bhah2u‑, becoming *bhau‑. Derivatives include beat , buttock , halibut , button , and refute.
|
r047_ bhegw- To run.
|
r048_ bhei- A bee.
|
r049_ bheid- To split; with Germanic derivatives referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking. Derivatives include bite , bitter , and fission.
|
r050_ bheidh- To trust, confide, persuade. Derivatives include bide , fiancé , and infidel.
|
r051_ bhel-1 To shine, flash, burn; shining white and various bright colors. Derivatives include blue , bleach , blind , blond , blanket , black , flagrant , and flame.
|
r052_ bhel-2 To blow, swell; with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity. Derivatives include boulevard , boulder , phallus , balloon , ballot , and fool.
The following derivatives of this root are entered separately: bhel- 3, bhelgh- , bhleu- . |
r053_ bhel-3 To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel- 2. Derivatives include foliage , blossom , flora , bleed , bless , and blade.
|
r054_ bhelgh- To swell. Extension of bhel- 2 . Oldest form *bhelg̑h‑, becoming *bhelgh‑ in centum languages.
|
r055_ bhendh- To bind. Derivatives include bind , bandanna , and bundle.
|
r056_ bher-1 To carry; also to bear children. Derivatives include birth , fertile , suffer , furtive , and metaphor.
|
r057_ bher-2 Bright, brown.
|
r058_ bherəg- To shine; bright, white. Oldest form *bherhxgibreve;‑, becoming *bherhxg‑ in centum languages.
|
r059_ bhergh-1 To hide, protect. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages.
|
r060_ bhergh-2 High; with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. Oldest form *bherg̑h‑, becoming *bhergh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include iceberg , bourgeois , burglar , force , and fortify.
|
r061_ bhes- To breathe. Probably imitative. Zero-grade form *bhs‑.
|
r062_ bheudh- To be aware, to make aware. Derivatives include bid , forbid , and Buddha. 2
|
r063_ bheuə- Also bheu-. To be, exist, grow. Oldest form *bheuhx. Derivatives include be , husband , imp , physics , future , neighbor , and beam.
|
r064_ bheug- To bend; with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved objects. Derivatives include bagel , buxom , and bog.
|
r065_ bhlē- To blow. Contracted from *bhleh1‑, or possibly lengthened grade *bhlēh2‑ from alternative root *bhleh2‑. Possibly identical to bhel- 3 II*bhlē‑ above. Derivatives include blaze 3, flatus , and flavor.
|
r066_ bhleu- To swell, well up, overflow. Extension of bhel- 2.
|
r067_ bhoso- Naked.
|
r068_ bhrāter- Brother, male agnate.
|
r069_ bhreg- To break. Derivatives include breach , fraction , frail 1, infringe , and suffrage.
|
r070_ bhreu- Also bhreuə‑, bhreəu-. To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. Oldest form *bhreuh1‑. Derivatives include brew , bread , broth , brood , breed , ferment , and fervent.
|
r071_ bhrū- Eyebrow. Oldest form *bhruhx‑, becoming *bhrū.
|
r072_ dā- To divide. Oldest form *deh2‑, colored to *dah2‑, becoming *dā‑. Derivatives include democracy , epidemic , demon , and time.
|
r073_ dail- To divide. Northern Indo-European root extended from *da(h2)i‑ (see dā- ).
|
r074_ daiwer- Husband's brother.
|
r075_ dakru- Tear. Oldest form *dak̑ru‑, becoming *dakru‑ in centum languages.
|
r076_ de- Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.
|
r077_ deik- To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects. Oldest form *deik̑‑, becoming *deik‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include teach , toe , addict , preach , judge , revenge , and disk.
|
r078_ dek- To take, accept. Oldest form *dek̑‑, becoming *dek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include decent , paradox , and disdain.
|
r079_ dekm̥ Ten. Oldest form *dek̑m̥, becoming *dekm̥ in centum languages. Derivatives include ten , December , decimate , dean , hundred , century , and hecatomb.
See also compound root wīkm̥tī- . |
r080_ deks- Right (opposite left); hence, south (from the viewpoint of one facing east). Oldest form *dek̑s‑, becoming *deks‑ in centum languages. Suffixed form *deks(i)-tero‑.
Compare ner- 1. |
r081_ del-1 Long. Derivatives include linger , Lent , longitude , and lunge.
|
r082_ del-2 To recount, count. O-grade form *dol‑.
|
r083_ dem- House, household. Derivatives include dome , domestic , and timber.
|
r084_ demə- To constrain, force, especially to break in (horses). Oldest form *demh2‑.
|
r085_ dent- Tooth. Originally *h1d-ent‑, "biting," present participle of ed- in the earlier meaning "to bite."
|
r086_ der- To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring to skin and leather.
|
r087_ derk- To see. Oldest form *derk̑‑, becoming *derk‑ in centum languages.
|
r088_ deru- Also dreu-. To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses "wood," "tree," and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. Derivatives include tree , trust , betroth , endure , and druid.
|
r089_ deu-1 To lack, be wanting.
|
r090_ deu-2 To do, perform, show favor, revere. Derivatives include embellish , and dynamite.
|
r091_ deuə- Also dwaə-. Long (in duration). Oldest form *deuh2‑ with variant (metathesized) *dweh2‑, the latter colored to *dwah2‑, becoming *dwā‑. Suffixed zero-grade form *dū-ro‑ (< *duə-ro‑, oldest form *duh2-ro‑).
|
r092_ deuk- To lead. Derivatives include wanton , team , duke , subdue , and educate.
|
r093_ dhē- To set, put. Oldest form *dheh1‑, becoming *dhē‑. Derivatives include deed , doom , fashion , defeat , feckless , sacrifice , satisfy , face , and synthesis.
|
r094_ dhegwh- To burn, warm.
|
r095_ dhē(i)- To suck. Oldest form *dheh1(i)‑, becoming *dhē(i)‑. Derivatives include female , fawn 2, fetus , fennel , and affiliate.
|
r096_ dheigh- To form, build. Oldest form *dheig̑h‑, becoming *dheigh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include dairy , lady , dough , and paradise.
|
r097_ dher- To hold firmly, support. Derivatives include infirmary , and throne.
|
r098_ dhers- To venture, be bold. O-grade form *dhors‑ and zero-grade form *dhr̥s‑.
|
r099_ dhēs- Root of words in religious concepts. Oldest form *dheh1s‑, becoming *dhēs‑. Possibly an extension of dhē- . Derivatives include feast , fanatic , atheism , and enthusiasm.
|
r100_ dheu-1 To flow.
|
r101_ dheu-2 To die. Also dheuə- (oldest form *dheuh2‑).
Compare dheuə- . |
r102_ dheub- Also dheubh-. Deep, hollow.
|
r103_ dheuə- To close, finish, come full circle. Oldest form *dheuh2‑. Probably related to dheu- 2 , "to die."
|
r104_ dheugh- To produce something of utility.
|
r105_ dhghem- Earth. Oldest form *dhg̑hem‑, becoming *dhghem‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include bridegroom , chameleon , and homicide.
|
r106_ dhgh(y)es- Yesterday. Oldest form *dhg̑h(y)es‑, becoming *dhgh(y)es‑ in centum languages. Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter‑.
|
r107_ dhīgw- To stick, fix.
|
r108_ dhreg- To draw, glide. Oldest form *dhreg̑‑, becoming *dhreg‑ in centum languages.
|
r109_ dhreibh- To drive, push; snow.
|
r110_ dhreu- To fall, flow, drip, droop. Derivatives include dreary , and drowse.
|
r111_ dhugəter- Daughter. Oldest form *dhugh2ter‑.
|
r112_ dhwer- Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an ablauting noun *dhwor, *dhur‑, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o‑) surrounding the house proper. Derivatives include forest , and foreign.
|
r113_ dlegh- To engage oneself. European root found in Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, and possibly Latin.
|
r114_ dn̥ghū- Tongue. Oldest form *dn̥g̑huh2‑, becoming *dn̥g̑hū‑ in satem languages and *dn̥ghū‑ in centum languages.
|
r115_ dō- To give. Oldest form *deh3‑, colored to *doh3‑, becoming *dō‑. Derivatives include betray , surrender , vend , dose , and antidote.
|
r116_ dus- Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of deu- 1.
|
r117_ dwo- Two. Derivatives include twilight , biscuit , between , combine , diploma , and doubt.
|
r118_ dyeu- To shine (and in many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god"). Zero-grades *dyu‑ and *diw‑. Derivatives include Tuesday , divine , jovial , Jupiter , diary , dismal , journey , and psychedelic.
|
r119_ ed- To eat; original meaning "to bite." Oldest form *h1ed‑.
See also derivative dent- . |
r120_ eg I. Nominative form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. Oldest form *eg̑, becoming *eg in centum languages. (For oblique forms see me- 1).
|
r121_ eghs Out. Oldest form *eg̑hs, becoming *eghs in centum languages. Derivatives include strange , and extreme.
|
r122_ egwh- To drink. Oldest form *h1egwh‑.Suffixed lengthened-grade form *ēgwh-r-yo‑.
|
r123_ ei- To go. Oldest form *h1ei‑, zero-grade *h1i‑. Derivatives include ambition , perish , sudden , transit , ion , initial , janitor , and January.
|
r124_ eis- In words denoting passion. Oldest form *h1eis‑ or possibly *h1eish2‑.
|
r125_ ekwo- Horse. Probably to be segmented *ekw-o‑, a suffixed form akin to the lengthened o-grade adjective ōku- , swift. Oldest form h1ek̑wo‑, becoming ekwo‑ in centum languages.
|
r126_ el- Elbow, forearm.
|
r127_ em- To take, distribute.
|
r128_ en In. Derivatives include inner , entrails , industry , and dysentery.
|
r129_ epi Also opi. Near, at, against.
|
r130_ er-1 To move, set in motion. Oldest form *h1er‑.
|
r131_ er-2 Earth, ground. Extended form *ert‑.
|
r132_ erə- To row. Oldest form *h1erh1‑.
|
r133_ ers- To be in motion.
|
r134_ es- To be. Oldest form *h1es‑, zero-grade *h1s‑. Derivatives include yes , soothe , sin 1, essence , absent , and proud.
See also extension (e)su- . |
r135_ (e)su- Good. Oldest form *h1(e)su‑. Originally suffixed form of es- .
|
r136_ eu- To dress.
See also extension wes- 2. |
r137_ euə- To leave, abandon, give out, whence nominal derivatives meaning abandoned, lacking, empty. Oldest form *h1euh2‑, zero-grade *h1uh2‑, with variant form *h1weh2‑, colored to *h1wah2‑, becoming *wā‑.
|
r138_ euə-dh-r̥ Udder. Related to wē-r- .
|
r139_ gal- To call, shout.
|
r140_ gāu- To rejoice; also to have religious fear or awe. Oldest form *geh2u‑, colored to *gah2u‑, becoming *gau‑ (before consonants) and *gāw‑ (before vowels).
|
r141_ gel- Cold; to freeze. Derivatives include chill , jelly , and glacier.
|
r142_ gembh- Tooth, nail. Oldest form *g̑embh‑, becoming *gembh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include comb , unkempt , and gem.
|
r143_ gemə- To marry. Oldest form *g̑emh1‑, becoming *gemh1‑ in centum languages.
|
r144_ genə- Also gen-. To give birth, beget; with derivatives referring to aspects and results of procreation and to familial and tribal groups. Oldest form *g̑enh1‑, becoming *genh1‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include kin , king , jaunty , genius , pregnant 1, gingerly , and nature.
|
r145_ genu-1 Knee; also angle. Oldest form *g̑enu‑, becoming *genu‑ in centum languages.
|
r146_ genu-2 Jawbone, chin. Oldest form *g̑enu‑, becoming *genu‑ in centum languages.
|
r147_ ger- To gather. Oldest form *h2ger‑.
|
r148_ gerbh- To scratch. Derivatives include carve , crawl 1, and program.
|
r149_ gerə-1 To grow old. Oldest form *g̑erh2‑, becoming *gerh2‑ in centum languages.
|
r150_ gerə-2 To cry hoarsely; also the name of the crane. Oldest form *gerh2‑. Derivatives include crack , cranberry , and pedigree.
|
r151_ geus- To taste, choose. Oldest form *g̑eus‑, becoming *geus‑ in centum languages.
|
r152_ ghabh- Also ghebh-. To give or receive. Derivatives include give , able , malady , prohibit , duty , and endeavor.
Compare kap- . |
r153_ ghans- Goose. Oldest form *g̑hans‑, becoming *ghans‑ in centum languages.
|
r154_ ghē- To release, let go; (in the middle voice) to be released, go. Oldest form *g̑heh1‑, becoming *g̑hē‑ in satem languages and *ghē‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include heir , and gait.
|
r155_ ghebh-el- Head.
|
r156_ ghei- Theoretical base of *ghyem‑, *ghiem‑, winter. Oldest forms *g̑hei‑, *g̑hyem‑, *g̑hiem‑, becoming *ghei‑, *ghyem‑, *ghiem‑ in centum languages.
|
r157_ ghel-1 To call.
|
r158_ ghel-2 To shine; with derivatives referring to colors, bright materials, gold (probably "yellow metal"), and bile or gall. Oldest form *g̑hel‑, becoming *ghel‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include gold , arsenic , melancholy , Hare Krishna , gleam , glimpse , and glide.
|
r159_ ghedh- To unite, join, fit.
|
r160_ ghend- Also ghed-. To seize, take. Derivatives include get , guess , prison , comprehend , surprise , and prey.
|
r161_ gher-1 To grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning "enclosure." Oldest form *g̑her‑, becoming *gher‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include orchard , kindergarten , courteous , choir , and choral.
|
r162_ gher-2 To like, want. Oldest form *g̑her‑, becoming *gher‑ in centum languages.
|
r163_ gherə- Gut, entrail. Oldest form *g̑herh2‑, becoming *gherh2‑ in centum languages.
|
r164_ ghes- Hand. Oldest form *g̑hes‑, becoming *ghes‑ in centum languages.
|
r165_ gheslo- Seen by some as a base for words meaning "thousand." Oldest form *g̑heslo‑, becoming *gheslo‑ in centum languages.
|
r166_ gheu- To pour, pour a libation. Oldest form *g̑heu‑, becoming *gheu‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include gut , funnel , fusion , and refund. 1
|
r167_ gheu(ə)- To call, invoke. Oldest form *g̑heu(h2/3)‑, becoming *gheu(h2/3)‑ in centum languages. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghu-to‑, "the invoked," god.
|
r168_ ghos-ti- Stranger, guest, host; properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality."
|
r169_ ghrē- To grow, become green. Contracted from *ghreh1‑.
|
r170_ ghrebh-1 To seize, reach.
|
r171_ ghrebh-2 To dig, bury, scratch.
|
r172_ ghredh- To walk, go. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr̥dh-yo‑.
|
r173_ ghrēi- To rub. Oldest form *g̑hreh1i‑, with variant (metathesized) form *g̑hreih1‑, whence zero-grade *g̑hrih1‑, becoming *g̑hrī‑in satem language and *ghrī‑ in centum languages.
|
r174_ ghrendh- To grind.
|
r175_ ghwer- Wild beast. Oldest form *g̑hwer‑, becoming *ghwer‑ in centum languages.
|
r176_ ghwībh- Shame, also pudenda. Expressive root, found only in Tocharian (in the literal meaning) and Germanic.
|
r177_ gleubh- To tear apart, cleave. Derivatives include clever , and hieroglyphic.
|
r178_ gnō- To know. Oldest form *g̑neh3‑, colored to *g̑noh3‑, becoming *g̑nō‑ in satem languages and *gnō‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include know , cunning , uncouth , ignore , noble , diagnosis , and narrate.
|
r179_ gr̥ə-no- Grain. Oldest form *g̑r̥h2-no‑, becoming *gr̥h2-no‑ in centum languages.
|
r180_ gwā- Also gwem-. To go, come. Oldest form *gweh2‑, colored to *gwah2‑, becoming *gwā‑. Derivatives include welcome , adventure , souvenir , acrobat , and diabetes.
|
r181_ gwei- To live. Also gweiə- (oldest form *gweih3‑, with metathesized variant *gwyeh3‑, colored to *gwyoh3‑, becoming *gwyō‑). Derivatives include quick , vivid , vitamin , whiskey , amphibious , microbe , and hygiene.
|
r182_ gwelə- Also gwel-. To throw, reach, with further meaning to pierce. Oldest form *gwelh1‑, with metathesized variant *gwleh1‑, becoming *gwlē‑. Derivatives include devil , emblem , metabolism , parliament , problem , symbol , ballet , and kill. 1
|
r183_ gwen- Woman.
|
r184_ gwerə-1 Heavy. Oldest form *gwerh2‑. Derivatives include grave 2, grief , aggravate , baritone , guru , brute , and blitzkrieg.
|
r185_ gwerə-2 To favor. Oldest form *gwerh2‑.
|
r186_ gwet- To say, speak.
|
r187_ gwhedh- To ask, pray.
|
r188_ gwhen- To strike, kill. Derivatives include bane , fence , and offend.
|
r189_ gwher- To heat, warm. Derivatives include brand , brandy , forceps , and fornicate.
|
r190_ gwhī- Thread, tendon. Oldest full-grade form *gwhyehx‑, with zero-grade form *gwhihx‑ becoming *gwhī‑.
|
r191_ gwhrē- To smell, breathe. Oldest form *gwhreh1‑, becoming *gwhrē.
|
r192_ gwhren- To think.
|
r193_ gwou- Ox, bull, cow. Nominative singular form *gwōu-s. Derivatives include cow 1, beef , bugle 1, and butter.
|
r194_ i- Pronominal stem. Derivatives include yonder , identity , and item.
|
r195_ kā- To like, desire. Oldest form *keh2‑, colored to *kah2‑, becoming *kā‑.
|
r196_ kad- To fall. Oldest form *k̑ad‑, becoming *kad‑ in centum languages.
|
r197_ kaə-id- To strike. Oldest form *keh2-id‑, colored to *kah2-id‑.
|
r198_ kai- Heat. Extended form *kaid‑.
|
r199_ kailo- Whole, uninjured, of good omen.
|
r200_ kaito- Forest, uncultivated land.
|
r201_ kakka- Also kaka-. To defecate. Root imitative of glottal closure during defecation.
|
r202_ kan- To sing.
|
r203_ kand- Also kend-. To shine.
|
r204_ kap- To grasp. Derivatives include have , heavy , cable , captive , deceive , capsule , and chassis.
Compare ghabh- . |
r205_ kaput- Head.
|
r206_ kar- Also ker-. Hard. Derivatives include hard , and cancer.
|
r207_ kas- Gray. Oldest form *k̑as‑, becoming *kas‑ in centum languages.
|
r208_ kat- Down.
|
r209_ kau- To hew, strike.
|
r210_ ked- To go, yield.
|
r211_ keg- Hook, tooth.
|
r212_ kei-1 To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear. Oldest form *k̑ei‑, becoming *kei‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include city , and cemetery.
|
r213_ keiə- To set in motion. Oldest form keih2‑. Derivatives include resuscitate , and kinetic.
|
r214_ kekw- Excrement. Oldest form *k̑ekw‑, becoming *kekw‑ in centum languages. Suffixed o-grade form *kokw-ro‑.
|
r215_ kel-1 To cover, conceal, save. Oldest form *k̑el‑, becoming *kel‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include hell , hole , holster , apocalypse , and eucalyptus.
|
r216_ kel-2 To be prominent; hill.
|
r217_ kelə-1 Warm. Oldest form *k̑elh1‑, with metathesized variant *k̑leh1‑, becoming *k̑lē‑ in satem languages and *klē‑ in centum languages.
|
r218_ kelə-2 To shout. Oldest form *kelh2‑, with metathesized variant *kleh2‑, colored to *klah2‑, becoming *klā‑. Derivatives include exclaim , haul , calendar , and class.
|
r219_ ken- Fresh, new, young.
|
r220_ kenk- To gird, bind. Variant form *keng‑.
|
r221_ kens- To proclaim, speak solemnly. Oldest form *k̑ens‑, becoming *kens‑ in centum languages. Suffixed form *kens-ē‑.
|
r222_ kent- To prick, jab.
|
r223_ ker-1 Horn, head; with derivatives referring to horned animals, horn-shaped objects, and projecting parts. Oldest form *k̑er‑, becoming *ker‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include horn , unicorn , hornet , reindeer , migraine , cheer , rhinoceros , and cerebrum.
|
r224_ ker-2 To grow. Oldest form *k̑er‑, becoming *ker‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include cereal , Creole , concrete , and recruit.
|
r225_ ker-3 Heat, fire.
|
r226_ kerd- Heart. Oldest form *k̑erd‑, becoming *kerd‑ in centum languages.
|
r227_ kerə- To mix, confuse, cook. Oldest form *k̑erh2‑, becoming *kerh2‑ in centum languages.
|
r228_ kerp- To gather, pluck, harvest. Variant *karp‑.
|
r229_ kers- To run. Oldest form *k̑ers‑, becoming *kers‑ in centum languages. Zero-grade form *kr̥s‑.
|
r230_ kes- To cut. Oldest form *k̑es‑, becoming *kes‑ in centum languages. Variant *kas‑.
|
r231_ keuə- To swell; vault, hole. Oldest form *k̑euhx‑, becoming *keuhx‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include cave , excavate , and church.
|
r232_ klei- To lean. Oldest form *k̑lei‑, becoming *klei‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include decline , climax , climate , and ladder.
|
r233_ kleu- To hear. Oldest form *k̑leu‑, becoming *kleu‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include leer , loud , and Hercules.
|
r234_ ko- Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning "this. " Oldest form *k̑o‑, becoming *ko‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include he 1, et cetera , and behind.
|
r235_ kō- To sharpen, whet. Oldest form *k̑eə3‑, colored to *k̑oə3‑, contracted to *k̑ō‑ (becoming *kō‑ in centum languages).
|
r236_ kob- To suit, fit, succeed.
|
r237_ kom Beside, near, by, with. Derivatives include enough , handiwork , and country.
|
r238_ konk- To hang. Oldest form *k̑onk‑, becoming *konk‑ in centum languages.
|
r239_ koro- War; also war-band, host, army.
|
r240_ kost- Bone. Probably related to ost- .
|
r241_ kous- To hear. Oldest form *h2kous‑.
|
r242_ krei- To sieve, discriminate, distinguish. Derivatives include garble , crime , certain , excrement , crisis , and hypocrisy.
|
r243_ kreuə- Raw flesh. Oldest form *kreuh2‑.
|
r244_ kreus- To begin to freeze, form a crust.
|
r245_ ksun Preposition and preverb meaning "with."
|
r246_ kwe And (enclitic).
|
r247_ kwei-1 To pay, atone, compensate. Suffixed o-grade form *kwoi-nā‑.
|
r248_ kwei-2 To pile up, build, make. O-grade form *kwoi‑.
|
r249_ kweiə- Also kwyeə-. To rest, be quiet. Oldest forms *kweih1‑, *kwyeh1‑. Derivatives include while , coy , and requiem.
|
r250_ kweit- Also kweid-. White; to shine. Oldest form *k̑weit‑, becoming *kweit‑ in centum languages.
|
r251_ kwel-1 Also kwelə-. To revolve, move around, sojourn, dwell. Oldest forms kwel‑, kwelh2‑. Derivatives include colony , cult , wheel , cyclone , pulley , and bucolic.
|
r252_ kwel-2 Far (in space and time).
|
r253_ kwen- Holy. Oldest form *k̑wen‑, becoming *kwen‑ in centum languages.
|
r254_ kwent(h)- To suffer.
|
r255_ kwer- To make.
|
r256_ kwes- To pant, wheeze. Oldest form *k̑wes‑, becoming *kwes‑ in centum languages.
|
r257_ kwēt- To shake. Contracted from *kweə1t‑. Zero-grade form *kwət‑, becoming *kwat‑.
|
r258_ kwetwer- Four. Derivatives include four , squad , quarantine , and farthing.
|
r259_ kwo- Also kwi-. Stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Derivatives include who , whether , either , quorum , quip , and quality.
|
r260_ kwon- Dog. Oldest form *k̑won‑, becoming *kwon‑ in centum languages.
|
r261_ kwrep- Body, form, appearance. Probably a verbal root meaning "to appear."
|
r262_ kwr̥mi- Worm.
|
r263_ laks- Salmon. Suffixed form *laks-o‑.
|
r264_ las- To be eager, wanton, or unruly.
|
r265_ lau- Gain, profit. Oldest form *leh2u‑, colored to *lah2u‑.
|
r266_ lē- To let go, slacken. Contracted from *leə1‑.
|
r267_ leb- To lick; lip.
|
r268_ leg- To collect; with derivatives meaning "to speak. " Oldest form *leg̑‑, becoming *leg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include leech 1, lecture , legend , intelligent , sacrilege , loyal , and logic.
|
r269_ legh- To lie, lay. Derivatives include ledge , lair , beleaguer , lees , law , and fellow.
|
r270_ legwh- Light, having little weight. Derivatives include levity , carnival , elevate , leprechaun , and lung.
|
r271_ lei- Also slei-. Slimy. Derivatives include slime , slick , and oblivion.
|
r272_ leid- To play, jest. Suffixed o-grade form *loid-o‑.
|
r273_ leig- To bind. Oldest form *leig̑‑, becoming *leig‑ in centum languages.
|
r274_ leigh- To lick. Oldest form *leig̑h‑, becoming *leigh‑ in centum languages.
|
r275_ leikw- To leave. Derivatives include eclipse , loan , and derelict.
|
r276_ leip- To stick, adhere; fat. Derivatives include life , and liver. 1
|
r277_ leis-1 Track, furrow.
|
r278_ leis-2 Small.
|
r279_ leit- To go forth, die.
|
r280_ lendh- Open land.
|
r281_ leu- To loosen, divide, cut apart. Derivatives include forlorn , analysis , and solve.
|
r282_ leubh- To care, desire; love. Derivatives include livelong , belief , and libido.
|
r283_ leudh- To mount up, grow. Oldest form *h1leudh‑.
|
r284_ leu(ə)- To wash. Oldest form *leu(h3)‑.
|
r285_ leugh- To tell a lie.
|
r286_ leuk- Light, brightness. Derivatives include light 1, illuminate , lunatic , lucid , and lynx.
|
r287_ [ līk- Body, form; like, same. Germanic root. Derivatives include alike , each , and frolic.
|
r288_ lī̆no- Flax.
|
r289_ lūs- Louse.
|
r290_ mā-1 Good; with derivatives meaning "occurring at a good moment, timely, seasonable, early. " Oldest form *meh2‑, colored to *mah2‑, becoming *mā‑.
|
r291_ mā-2 Mother. A linguistic near-universal found in many of the world's languages, often in reduplicated form.
|
r292_ mag- Also mak-. To knead, fashion, fit. Oldest forms *mag̑‑, *mak̑‑, becoming *mag‑, *mak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include make , mason , mingle , magma , and mass.
|
r293_ magh- To be able, have power. Derivatives include dismay , might 1, machine , and magic.
|
r294_ maghu- Young person of either sex. Suffixed form *magho-ti‑.
|
r295_ māk- Long, thin. Oldest form *meh2k̑‑, colored to *mah2k̑‑, becoming *māk̑ in satem languages and *māk‑ in centum languages.
|
r296_ man-1 Also mon-. Man.
|
r297_ man-2 Hand. Derivatives include manacle , maneuver , and manure.
|
r298_ marko- Horse.
|
r299_ māter- Mother. Based ultimately on the baby-talk form mā- 2 , with the kinship term suffix *-ter‑. Derivatives include mother 1, matrix , and matter.
|
r300_ me-1 Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular. For the nominative see eg .
|
r301_ me-2 In the middle of.
See also medhyo- . |
r302_ mē-1 Expressing certain qualities of mind. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r303_ mē-2 To measure. Oldest form *meh1‑. Derivatives include piecemeal , immense , meter 1, geometry , moon , and semester.
|
r304_ mē-3 Big. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r305_ mē-4 To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe. Oldest form *meh1‑.
|
r306_ med- To take appropriate measures. Derivatives include medicine , modest , modern , commodity , and empty.
|
r307_ medhu- Honey; also mead.
|
r308_ medhyo- Middle. Derivatives include middle , medieval , and meridian.
See also me- 2. |
r309_ meg- Great. Oldest form *meg̑‑, becoming *meg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include much , magnate , mayor , maestro , and maharajah.
|
r310_ mei-1 To change, go, move; with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and services within a society as regulated by custom or law. Derivatives include mad , molt , mutate , mistake , communism , amoeba , and migrate.
|
r311_ mei-2 Small. Derivatives include menu , mince , minestrone , and minister.
|
r312_ meigh- To urinate. Oldest form *meig̑h‑, becoming *meigh‑ in centum languages.
|
r313_ meik- Also meig-. To mix. Oldest forms *meik̑‑, *meig̑‑, becoming *meik‑, *meig‑ in centum languages.
|
r314_ mei-no- Opinion, intention.
|
r315_ mel-1 Soft; with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials of various kinds.
|
r316_ mel-2 Strong, great.
|
r317_ mel-3 False, bad, wrong.
|
r318_ melə- Also mel-. To crush, grind; with derivatives referring to various ground or crumbling substances (such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crushing (such as millstones). Oldest form *melh2‑.
|
r319_ melg- To rub off; also to milk. Oldest form *h2melg̑‑, becoming *h2melg‑ in centum languages.
|
r320_ melit- Honey.
|
r321_ men-1 To think; with derivatives referring to various qualities and states of mind and thought. Derivatives include mind , mention , automatic , mania , money , monster , mosaic , music , and amnesia.
|
r322_ men-2 To project. Derivatives include mouth , menace , and mountain.
|
r323_ men-3 To remain. Variant suffixed (stative) form *man-ē‑.
|
r324_ men-4 Small, isolated.
|
r325_ mendh- To learn. Zero-grade form *mn̥dh‑.
|
r326_ menegh- Copious.
|
r327_ mer- To rub away, harm. Derivatives include nightmare , morsel , morbid , mortal , mortgage , and ambrosia.
|
r328_ merg- Boundary, border. Oldest form *merg̑‑, becoming *merg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include marquee , demarcation , and margin.
|
r329_ meuə- To push away.
|
r330_ mizdho- Reward.
|
r331_ mori- Body of water; lake (?), sea (?).
|
r332_ mregh-u- Short. Oldest form *mreg̑h-u‑, becoming *mregh-u‑ in centum languages.
|
r333_ mūs- A mouse; also a muscle (from the resemblance of a flexing muscle to the movements of a mouse).
|
r334_ nas- Nose.
|
r335_ nāu- Boat. Oldest form *neh2u‑, colored to *nah2u‑, becoming *nau‑ (before consonants) and *nāw‑ (before vowels).
|
r336_ n̥dher- Under.
|
r337_ ne Not. Derivatives include naughty , never , nothing , annul , nice , annihilate , negligee , deny , and renegade.
|
r338_ nebh- Cloud.
|
r339_ ned- To bind, tie.
|
r340_ nek-1 Death. Oldest form *nek̑‑, becoming *nek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include nuisance , innocent , and nectarine.
|
r341_ nek-2 To reach, attain. Oldest form *nek̑‑, becoming *nek‑ in centum languages.
|
r342_ nekw-t- Night (perhaps originally "twilight, twilight of the morning and evening" as opposed to *kwsep‑, "the dark of the night"). Probably from a verbal root *negw‑, to be dark, be night. O-grade form *nokw-t‑.
|
r343_ nem- To assign, allot; also to take. Derivatives include numb , nemesis , and nomad.
|
r344_ nepōt- Grandson, nephew. Feminine *neptī‑.
|
r345_ ner-1 Under, also on the left; hence, with an eastward orientation, north. Suffixed zero-grade form *nr̥-t(r)o‑.
Compare deks- . |
r346_ ner-2 Man; basic sense "vigorous, vital, strong."
|
r347_ nes-1 To return safely home.
|
r348_ nes-2 Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the first person plural. For the nominative see we- .
|
r349_ neu- To shout.
|
r350_ newn̥ Nine.
|
r351_ newo- New. Related to nu- . Derivatives include neon , and nova.
|
r352_ nobh- Also ombh-. Navel; later also "central knob," boss of a shield, hub of a wheel. Oldest form *h3nobh‑, variant *h3ombh‑ (< *h3onbh‑).
|
r353_ nogh- Also ongh-. Nail, claw. Oldest forms *h3nogh‑, *h3ongh‑.
|
r354_ nogw- Naked.
|
r355_ nō̆-men- Name. Oldest form *h1no(h3)-mn̥, zero-grade form *h1n̥(h3)-men‑.
|
r356_ nu- Now. Related to newo- .
|
r357_ od- To hate.
|
r358_ oi-no- One, unique. Derivatives include once , atone , union , universe , and any.
|
r359_ oit- To take along, fetch. Oldest form h3eit‑, colored to h3oit‑.
|
r360_ oktō(u) Eight. Oldest form *ok̑tō(u), becoming *oktō(u) in centum languages.
|
r361_ ōku- Swift. Oldest form *ōk̑u‑, becoming *ōku‑ in centum languages.
See also ekwo- . |
r362_ okw- To see. Oldest form *h3ekw‑, colored to *h3okw‑, zero-grade *h3kw‑. Derivatives include eye , daisy , window , inoculate , and autopsy.
|
r363_ op- To work, produce in abundance. Oldest form *h3ep‑, colored to *h3op‑. Derivatives include opera 1, maneuver , manure , opulent , and cornucopia.
|
r364_ or- Large bird. Oldest form *h3er‑, colored to *h3or‑.
|
r365_ orbh- To turn, with derivatives referring to change of change allegiance or status. Oldest form *h3erbh‑, colored *h3orbh‑. Suffixed form *orbh-o‑, "bereft of father," also "deprived of free status."
|
r366_ ors- Buttocks, backside.
|
r367_ ōs- Mouth. Oldest form *h3ōs‑, but precise preform uncertain.
|
r368_ ost- Bone. Oldest form *h2ost‑, with e-grade *h2est‑ colored to *h2ast‑.
|
r369_ ous- Also aus-. Ear. Oldest form *h2ous‑, with e-grade *h2eus‑ colored to *h2aus‑.
|
r370_ owi- Sheep. Oldest form *h2owi‑.
|
r371_ pā- To protect, feed. Oldest form *peh2‑, colored to *pah2‑, becoming *pā‑. Derivatives include fodder , forage , fur , food , foster , pasture , pantry , and company.
|
r372_ paəwr̥ Fire. Oldest form *peh2wr̥, colored to *pah2wr̥, with zero-grade *ph2ur‑ metathesized to *puh2r‑. Zero-grade form *pūr‑ (from *puh2r‑).
|
r373_ pag- Also pak-. To fasten. Oldest forms *pag̑‑, *pak̑‑, becoming *pag‑, *pak‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include fang , peace , pact , palisade , and travel.
|
r374_ pāl- To touch, feel, shake. Earlier *peh2l‑, colored to *pah2l‑, becoming *pāl‑.
|
r375_ pan- Fabric.
|
r376_ pant- All. Attested only in Tocharian and Greek.
|
r377_ papa A child's word for "father," a linguistic near-universal found in many languages.
|
r378_ past- Solid, firm.
|
r379_ pau-1 Few, little. Oldest form *peh2u‑, colored to *pah2u‑. Derivatives include few , pauper , foal , pony , and pullet.
|
r380_ pau-2 To cut, strike, stamp. Oldest form *peh2u‑, colored to *pah2u‑.
|
r381_ ped- Foot. Derivatives include foot , fetter , pioneer , millipede , impeach , pajamas , fetch 1, pessimism , and impeccable.
|
r382_ pē(i)- Also pē‑, pī-. To hurt. Contracted from *peə1(i)‑; zero-grades *piə1‑,*pə1‑.
|
r383_ peiə- To be fat, swell. Derivatives include fat , pituitary , and Irish.
|
r384_ peig- Also peik-. (earlier *peik̑‑, remaining as such in satem languages). To cut, mark (by incision).
|
r385_ peku- Wealth, movable property. Oldest form *pek̑u‑, becoming *peku‑ in centum languages.
|
r386_ pekw- To cook, ripen.
|
r387_ pel-1 Pale. Derivatives include pallor , falcon , and poliomyelitis.
|
r388_ pel-2 To fold.
|
r389_ pel-3 Skin, hide.
|
r390_ pel-4 To sell.
|
r391_ pel-5 To thrust, strike, drive. Derivatives include anvil , filter , pulsate , polish , and appeal.
|
r392_ pelə-1 To fill; with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. Oldest form *pelh1‑; variant *pleh1‑, becoming *plē‑. Derivatives include fill , plenty , folk , accomplish , expletive , and plebeian.
|
r393_ pelə-2 Flat; to spread. Oldest form *pelh2‑; variant *pleh2‑, colored to *plah2‑, becoming *plā‑. Derivatives include field , planet , plasma , plastic , and polka.
See also extensions plāk- 1, plat- . |
r394_ pelə-3 Citadel, fortified high place. Oldest form perhaps *pelh3‑ (but exact laryngeal uncertain). Zero-grade form *pl̥h3‑.
|
r395_ penkwe Five. Derivatives include five , Pentecost , quintessence , finger , and foist.
|
r396_ pent- To tread, go. Derivatives include find , pontiff , and sputnik.
|
r397_ per1 Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of "forward," "through," and a wide range of extended senses such as "in front of," "before," "early," "first," "chief," "toward," "against," "near," "at," "around." Derivatives include far , paradise , afford , first , protein , veneer , probe , privy , pristine , and priest.
Other possibly related forms are grouped under per- 2, per- 3, per- 4, per- 5. |
r398_ per-2 To lead, pass over. A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1. Derivatives include fjord , welfare , emporium , opportune , important , and sport.
|
r399_ per-3 To try, risk (< "to lead over," "press forward"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1.
|
r400_ per-4 To strike. A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1.
|
r401_ per-5 To traffic in, sell (< "to hand over," "distribute"). A verbal root belonging to the group of per 1 . Base of two distinct extended roots.
|
r402_ perd- To fart.
Compare pezd- . |
r403_ perə-1 To produce, procure. Oldest form *perh2‑; possibly related to perə- 2. See also per- 5II. Derivatives include parade , parry , emperor , parachute , sever , and parent.
|
r404_ perə-2 To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return). Oldest form *perh3‑. Possibly related to perə- 1. See also per- 5II. Zero-grade form *pr̥ə‑ (becoming *par‑ in Latin).
|
r405_ perkwu- Oak.
|
r406_ pes- Penis. Suffixed form *pes-ni‑.
|
r407_ pet- To rush, fly. Also petə- . Oldest form *peth1‑. Variant *pteh1‑, becoming *ptē‑. Derivatives include feather , compete , perpetual , ptomaine , symptom , and hippopotamus.
|
r408_ petə- To spread. Oldest form *peth2‑. Derivatives include fathom , patent , and compass.
|
r409_ peuə- To purify, cleanse. Oldest form *peuh2‑.
|
r410_ peuk- Also peug-. To prick. Oldest forms *peuk̑‑, *peug̑‑, becoming *peuk‑, *peug‑ in centum languages. Zero-grade form *pug‑.
|
r411_ pezd- To fart.
Compare perd- . |
r412_ pəter- Father. Oldest form *ph2ter‑.
|
r413_ plāk-1 Also plak-. To be flat. Earliest form *pleh2k‑, colored to *plah2k‑, becoming *plāk‑. Extension of pelə- 2. Derivatives include fluke 1, flaw 1, plead , placenta , and archipelago.
|
r414_ plāk-2 To strike. Oldest form *pleh2k‑, colored to *plah2k‑, becoming *plāk‑.
|
r415_ plat- Also pletə-. To spread. (Oldest form *pletə2‑). Extension of pelə- 2. Derivatives include flatter 1, plant , plateau , platitude , and plaza.
|
r416_ plek- To plait. Extension of pel- 2 . Oldest form *plek̑‑, becoming *plek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include flax , pliant , and perplex.
|
r417_ pleu- To flow. Derivatives include pulmonary , Pluto , flow , fowl , flutter , and fluster.
|
r418_ pneu- To breathe. Imitative root.
|
r419_ pō(i)- To drink. Oldest form *peh3(i)‑, colored to *poh3(i)‑.
|
r420_ porko- Young pig. Oldest form *pork̑o‑, becoming *porko‑ in centum languages.
|
r421_ poti- Powerful; lord.
|
r422_ prek- To ask, entreat. Oldest form *prek̑‑, becoming *prek‑ in centum languages.
|
r423_ preus- To freeze, burn.
|
r424_ prī- To love. Oldest form *prihx‑ (becoming *priy‑ before vowels). Derivatives include filibuster , friend , and Friday.
|
r425_ pū̆- To rot, decay. Probably from earlier *puhx‑ (becoming *puw‑ before vowels). Derivatives include foul , fuzzy , potpourri , and pus.
|
r426_ [ re- Also red-. Backward. Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret‑, metathetical variant of *wert‑, to turn (< "turned back"), an extended form of wer- 2.
|
r427_ rē- To bestow, endow. Oldest form *reh1‑. Suffixed form *reə-i‑, goods, wealth, property.
|
r428_ rēd- To scrape, scratch, gnaw. Oldest form *reh1d‑, becoming *rēd‑.
|
r429_ reg- To move in a straight line, with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line, lead, rule. " Oldest form *h3reg̑‑, becoming *h3reg‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include right , realm , anorexia , rich , rule , interrogate , and reckless.
|
r430_ rei- To flow, run.
|
r431_ reidh- To ride. Derivatives include raid , road , and array.
|
r432_ reig- To reach, stretch out. Oldest form *reig̑‑, becoming *reig‑ in centum languages.
|
r433_ rep- To snatch.
|
r434_ ret- To run, roll.
|
r435_ reudh- Red, ruddy. Oldest form *h1reudh‑. Derivatives include red , robust , corroborate , ruby , and rubric.
|
r436_ reuə- To open; space. Oldest form *ruhx-mo‑.
|
r437_ reug- To vomit, belch; smoke, cloud. Oldest form h1reug‑.
|
r438_ reup- Also reub-. To snatch. Derivatives include bereave , rob , usurp , and bankrupt.
|
r439_ r̥tko- Bear. Oldest form *h2r̥tk̑o‑, becoming *h2 r̥tko‑ in centum languages.
|
r440_ sā- To satisfy. Oldest form *seh2‑, colored to *sah2‑, becoming *sā‑.
|
r441_ sāg- To seek out. Oldest form *seh2g‑, colored to *sah2g‑, becoming *sāg‑. Derivatives include seek , ransack , and hegemony.
|
r442_ sak- To sanctify.
|
r443_ sal- Salt.
|
r444_ sāwel- The sun. Oldest form *seh2wel‑, colored to *sah2wel‑, becoming *sāwel‑, with zero-grade *s(u)wel‑. The element *-el‑ was originally suffixal, and alternated with *-en‑, yielding the variant zero-grades *s(u)wen‑ and (reduced) *sun‑. Derivatives include Sunday , south , solar , and helium.
|
r445_ sē- To sow. Contracted from *seə1‑.
|
r446_ sed- To sit. Derivatives include sit , soot , séance , siege , obsess , subside , soil 1, and chair.
|
r447_ segh- To hold. Oldest form *seg̑h‑, becoming *segh‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include hectic , eunuch , scheme , and scholar.
|
r448_ sek- To cut. Derivatives include scythe , Saxon , skin , insect , and sickle.
See also extended roots skei- , sker- 1. |
r449_ sekw-1 To follow. Derivatives include sequel , execute , pursue , and society.
|
r450_ sekw-2 To perceive, see.
|
r451_ sekw-3 To say, utter.
|
r452_ sel- To jump.
|
r453_ sem-1 One; also adverbially "as one," together with. Derivatives include simultaneous , hyphen , acolyte , and simple.
|
r454_ sem-2 Also semə-. Summer. (oldest form *semh2‑).
|
r455_ sēmi- Half‑, as first member of a compound.
|
r456_ sen- Old.
|
r457_ sengwh- To sing, make an incantation.
|
r458_ sent- To head for, go.
|
r459_ sep- To taste, perceive. Suffixed zero-grade form *sap-yo‑.
|
r460_ septm̥ Seven.
|
r461_ ser-1 To protect.
|
r462_ ser-2 To line up.
|
r463_ seuə-1 To give birth. Oldest form *suhx-.
See also sū- . |
r464_ seuə-2 To take liquid. Oldest form *suhx-. Derivatives include soup , soak , and succulent.
|
r465_ skand- Also skend-. To leap, climb.
|
r466_ skei- To cut, split. Extension of sek- . Derivatives include science , nice , shit , schism , sheath , ski , and esquire.
|
r467_ skel-1 Also kel-. To cut. Derivatives include scalp , skill , cutlass , half , scalpel , and sculpture.
|
r468_ skel-2 To be under an obligation. O-grade (perfect) form *skol‑.
|
r469_ sker-1 Also ker-. To cut. Derivatives include shears , scabbard , skirmish , carnage , sharp , scrape , and screw.
|
r470_ sker-2 Also ker-. To turn, bend. Presumed base of a number of distantly related derivatives. Derivatives include shrink , ranch , rink , curve , crepe , circle , search , and crown.
|
r471_ sker-3 Excrement, dung. Oldest form *sk̑er‑, becoming *sker‑ in centum languages.
|
r472_ (s)keu- To cover, conceal. Zero-grade form *(s)ku‑. Variant *(s)keuə‑, zero-grade form *(s)kuə‑, contracted to *(s)kū‑. Derivatives include sky , meerschaum , scum , obscure , recoil , and hoard.
|
r473_ skeud- To shoot, chase, throw. Derivatives include shoot , shut , and scuttle. 1
|
r474_ skrībh- To cut, separate, sift. Extension of sker- 1.
|
r475_ slēb- To be weak, sleep. Possibly related to slēg- , through a hypothetical base *slē‑ (< earlier *sleə1‑).
|
r476_ slēg- Also lēg-. To be slack, be languid. Possibly related to slēb- through a hypothetical base *slē‑ (< earlier *sleə1‑). Zero-grade form *sləg‑, becoming *slag‑.
|
r477_ sleiə- Bluish.
|
r478_ sleubh- To slide, slip. Derivatives include sleeve , lubricate , and slop. 1
|
r479_ smei- To laugh, smile.
|
r480_ (s)mer-1 To remember.
|
r481_ (s)mer-2 To get a share of something.
|
r482_ snā- To swim. Oldest form *sneh2‑, colored to *snah2‑, becoming *snā‑.
See also extension (s)nāu- . |
r483_ (s)nāu- To swim, flow, let flow, whence suckle. Oldest form *sneh2u‑; colored to *snah2u‑, becoming *(s)nāu‑. Extension of snā- .
|
r484_ (s)nē- Also nē-. To spin, sew. Oldest form *(s)neh1‑, becoming *(s)nē‑.
|
r485_ sneigwh- Snow; to snow.
|
r486_ (s)neəu- Tendon, sinew. Oldest form *sneə1u‑. Extension of (s)nē- . Suffixed form *(s)neəw-r̥‑, with further suffixes.
|
r487_ so- This, that (nominative). For other cases see to- .
|
r488_ sol- Also solə-. Whole. (oldest form *solh2‑). Derivatives include solid , catholic , and salvo.
|
r489_ spē- To thrive, prosper. Oldest form *speh1‑, becoming *spē‑.
|
r490_ spek- To observe. Oldest form *spek̑‑, becoming *spek‑ in centum languages. Derivatives include espionage , spectrum , despise , suspect , despicable , bishop , and telescope.
|